Personal financial planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personal financial planning - Essay Example However where this healthcare system differs is that the insurance would not be run for profit and healthcare is provided to all people. Beveridge: This system of healthcare owes its namesake to William Beveridge who helped spearhead reforms in Great Britain’s National Health Service. Ultimately funding was to be drawn from taxpayers so the healthcare system becomes a government run institution (Like the fire departments, police forces, schools etc.) Many doctors and hospitals would be run and paid for by the government, and there would be private doctors & specialists who would receive payments from the government. Some hospitals (Such as veterans hospitals) may be run like this in the U.S. but overall this does not closely resemble the overall American system. Medicare: This loosely resembles the Canadian model which is sort of a hybrid of both the Bismarck and Beveridge systems. There exists both a private sector provider (Bismarck) but funding also comes from the governmen t which draws its funding from the tax base (Beveridge). So in essence there is no real incentive to deny claims insofar as there is no incentive to generate a profit.

Murderball Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Murderball - Movie Review Example They can live independently and enjoy all the normal activities, like driving, cooking and having sex. The movie takes you on an emotional ride that stirs some deep sentiments but manages to shatter many misconceptions we have about disabled. The story is not about people confided to wheelchairs but people who never thought their lives would come to this, of people who were fiercely competitive, people who believed in smashing, crashing, hitting and just feeling the extreme adrenalin rush on a daily basis. When these people had to come to terms with reality, one can imagine what a bleak reality that must have been. But then they discovered quad Rugby and their lives changed for the better. The story revolves around Joe Soares, Zupan and Keith. Keith was a Rugby player who had just had a serious accident that smashed his motorbike and left him a quadriplegic. Soares was a former member of Team USA and captain of Team Canada. These teams participate in quad Rugby championships. Zupan was not a quad from birth. He was sleeping in his friend's truck when a sharp turning threw him off the truck and close to a ditch. The ordeal that lasted 13 hours left him a quad but Zupan turned his life around when he became the best quad Rugby player ever. He is also the spokesman for the game in the US. Murd

Overview of Disease Diagnoses Processes

Overview of Disease Diagnoses Processes Alejandra Medinilla TASK 1 The aim of this work is to cover the whole process of disease diagnoses. In medicine, exist different ways to classify diseases as well as different test and procedures to diagnose them. The world health organization (WHO) plays a very important role here; since they created normalized classifications of diseases and disabilities, with specific codes to describe each of them with the purpose of simplify and standardize the process of diagnose 1.2. We are going to review the two most important models of health, used in medicine to explain illness. They help to predict and identify risks and consequences, make decisions and reduce the possibility of occurrence of an illness. Diseases can be classified in different ways, depending on the criteria taken into account; duration, distribution, pathology and aetiology are some examples. They are important in the compilation of statistics on causes of illness (morbidity) and causes of death (mortality). The most used classifications divided illnesses depending on the organs affected, nature and causes of the disease, risk of contagious and communicable and the occurrence and frequency of it. According to the British encyclopedia these classifications are: 1) topographic, (2) anatomic (3) physiological, (4) pathological (5) etiologic (6) juristic, (7) epidemiological and (8) statistical. (Stanley L. Robbins, Jonathan H. Robbins, Dante G. Scarpelli. 2013. Classifications of diseases [online]. Available at: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/275628/human-disease/63272/Classifications-of-diseases) The WHO has a very important role in classifying disease. They develop the WHO Family of International Classifications (WHO-FIC), with the ICD and ICF as core classifications. They are call the Normalized Classifications and are based on professional and scientific criteria. The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is a classification that uses different codes to differentiate symptoms, signs and illnesses. This classification allowed a global standardization making easier the diagnostic process. Each illness is classifying trough a code of 5 characters. The last version is the 10th, ICD-10, created in 1992. The 11th revision is running until 2015. The other classification created by the WHO is the ICF, which complements the ICD. This classification has two parts. One refers to functionality and disability and the other to conceptual factors. Both classify of the different states of illness/health within a standardize framework, with specific codes. On the other hand, more generally speaking, in 1997 was created the â€Å"triangle of health†. It classifies health, into social, mental or physical making emphasis on the importance of the three states together. We can define as Physical Health, to the body health; it refers to optimal weigh, vision, a healthy skin, and bones, tissues and organs, a good dental condition and a good neuro-muscular coordination. A person with physical health must able to do all his routine workwithout any difficulty. To evaluate the physical health of a person we can focus in different areas like life style (drug abuse, alcohol and tabaco habits, regular exercise, medical checkups), human biology (genetic and body chemistry), environment (the air we breathe and where we live) and medical services ( to prevent, detect and treat diseases). Mental Health – refers to the state of mind. It is the capability that a person has to manage stress and tension of daily life and keep a good attitude. Personal relationships with family and friends are a key aspect when trying to evaluate a person’s mental health. Mental health is essential requirement to make judgments, to possess discretion and to face and overcome the problems. The World Health Organization describes Mental Health as the â€Å"state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community. (WHO. December 2013. Mental health: a state of well-being [online]. Available at: http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/mental_health/en/) And last, Social Health – which is the ability to function in society. It is in the ability to build positive and constructive relationships with peers. The social network of a person is a crucial indicator. Having no friends could lead to depression being more prone to manifest physical problems. In contrast, a person with strong relationships will feel more supported and accompanied. As a resume, a person could have a very good physical health, making exercises every day, eating healthy food and doing regular checkups with the doctor, but, if the person moves away from friends and social events to maintain this condition, this means luck of social health and could lead him to mental health problems in the future. In the process of diagnoses and establishing health and disease it is important to have knowledge and understanding of the Health research methods. Health research has been defined as â€Å"the process for obtaining systematic knowledge and technology which can be used for the improvement of the health of individual groups.† (Davies 1991, cited in A. Bowling 2002, p.3) Health research methods are used to obtain the necessary information to develop new tools and procedures that help to protect people from diseases or recover from them. Classifications of research methods are based on different criteria. Dankhe classification (1989) proposed 4 types of research studies: exploratory, descriptive, correlational and explanatory. In general depending on the role of the researcher we can have observational or experimental methods; according to the time when the data is collected or measured, prospective or retrospective; according to the number of occasions on which the variable is measured in the study, transversal or longitudinal and according to the number of variables under study, descriptive or analytic. Experimental studies are prospective studies; they evaluate the effect of one or more interventions. Frequently used in the assessment of therapeutic drugs and therapeutic interventions, being really careful with the ethic limits. They can be applied to the investigation of preventive measures of the disease, seeking to reduce individual risk. An example is the study that evaluates the effectiveness of a vaccine. On the other hand observational studies are those in which the patient is not assigned to an specific treatment or intervention, the evaluation is carried out according to a standard clinical practice, being therefore the researcher an observer of what is happening or has happened. Research involves a combination between the different types of research. Research methods are used in conjunction. As the WHO suggest â€Å"another way of classifying health research†¦ is to describe it under three operational interlinked categories of biomedical, health services and behavioral research, the so-called health research triangle† (WHO. 2001. Health research methodology. Chapter 1, p. 3) Multi-dimensional approaches are available for evaluating outcomes research. In evaluating research outcomes it is important to measure effectiveness, acceptability and humanity, equity and accessibility and efficiency. The evaluation of the data is made using the scientific method, and the collection of research data. Evaluation can be divided into two types: formative and summative. Formative evaluation is carried out during the investigation process. It aims to improve the methodology concentrating on the strengths and weaknesses. On the other hand, Summative evaluation takes place at the end of the process. It determines achievement and other outcomes, to evaluate the continuity or not of the process or program. There are different ways to disseminate the results of a research. As a general rule it is better to plan at the beginning of the research which is going to be the dissemination strategies. It should be consider the goals and objectives of the dissemination, as well as the impact, the Audience, the Medium to best reach each the audience and the execution process. Ones we have the results of an investigation we need to concentrate in how they are going to be disclosed. The options are diverse, depending on the public we want to focus on. The most common and generally used is the publication of texts, could as scientific papers, in specialize magazines, newspapers or posters, leaflets and advertising for a more general public. In the field of health exist different Principles of Health modeling. Models are a simplification of reality. They help to predict, identify risks and consequences, make decisions and reduce the burden of illness. We can mention 2 important models, the Biomedical and the Biopsychosocial models. Both are theories that explain illness from different perspectives. The biomedical model assumes that disease is a deviation from normal biological functioning and biological mechanisms are sufficient to explain disease, excluding psychological and social processes. It is a reductionist and single-factor model; it reduces illness to low-level processes, such as disordered cells and chemical imbalances, and explains illness in terms of a biological malfunction. We can say that the Body was treated as a machine; Physical disease is measured by the absence of health. It is the one used to develop the classification of diseases. On the other hand, the Holistic or biopsychosocial model includes biological, psychological, and social factors as important determinants of health and illness. It maintains that health and illness are caused by multiple factors and produce multiple effects. So it is a multicausal model. Mind and body cannot be distinguished in matters of health and illness because both influence the state of health. The perception of wellbeing is influence by different factors. There are psychological and social factors that influence the development of illness, and these are ignored by the biomedical model since it take into account just the physical aspects of the problem. TASK 2 It is important to mention the difference between Diseases and Illnesses. A disease is a pathological condition of the body in response to disruption of homeostasis. It is a result of pathogens, trauma, physical and chemical agents, genetics (inheritance), metabolic or nutritional disorders, while an Illness is the condition of a person experiencing disease. In order to establish people’s health we need to follow different procedures and make various tests to be able to give diagnoses. Before we can proceed with a specific test or group of tests we need to look the Signs and symptoms the patient presents. Signs can be define as any indication of a medical condition that can be objectively observed and normally they have no meaning to the patient or they not even notice them. Signs can be detected during a physical examination. Elevated blood pressure is an example. 2.2 Symptoms on the other hand are recognized, experienced and referred by the patients. The patient feels something anomalous in his body. Examples of symptoms can be, feeling tired, low mood and energy, anxiety, nausea, dizziness, and drowsiness. Symptoms become key elements when any health professional want to make a diagnosis to a patient and give him treatment. As examples to clarify we can mention three examples. In the case of a headache, the patient is the only one capable to notice it so, it is a symptom; if we talk about blood pressure, this could only be a signs, since it needs to be measured by a doctor in a laboratory; and the one that could be both, a sign and a symptom is a rush. Ones we have observe and checked the signs and symptoms we are able to proceed with the correspondent diagnostic process. The diagnostic process includes all types of measurements and tests that are used to evaluate a patients condition, such as physiological measurements, laboratory tests and pathology tests, imaging tests and endoscopies. 2.1 Each form of diagnosis involves specific procedures and tests that we can summarize as: Laboratory tests: blood test, urine, and/or other body fluids. They are used to evaluate what is going on in the body and also in specific cases like cancer treatment, to evaluate the side effects like anaemia and neutropenia (low white blood cell count), which can increase the risk of infection. 2.1 Endoscopic tests: is a procedure performed with an endoscope (a flexible and very thin tube with a camera) to examine the inside of the body. The endoscope model varies depending on the part of the body that is going to be examined. Biopsy: is the removal of tissue, a very small amount to be examined under a microscope. There are different types of biopsies: Fine needle aspiration biopsy, Core needle biopsy, Vacuum-assisted biopsy, Image-guided biopsy and surgical biopsy. 2.1 Imaging tests: X-ray, bone scan, CT or CAT scan, Positron emission tomography (PET) scan, MRI and Ultrasound. 2.1 In practice, Multiple Tests are used. Choices depend on cost, invasiveness, volume of test, presence and capability of lab infrastructure, urgency, etc. As an example, to diagnose cancer the most common types of tests used are biopsy, imaging tests, endoscopic tests and laboratory tests. It is important to know that a disease could be developed in a normal or an abnormal way. That is the field of etiology, which in medicine refers to the factors coming together to cause a disease. As mention previously, a disease can have a normal or an abnormal aetiology. To clarify this concept we can observe the development of Diabetes. In general it could be describe as a chronic disease that occurs when the body loses the ability to produce enough insulin or use it effectively. We can divide this disease in 2 main groups. The first one includes the types of diabetes with normal aetiology and the second one with abnormal aetiology. In the 1st group (normal aetiology), the common forms of diabetes are Type 1 diabetes (T1D, known as insulin-dependent diabetes or IDDM) and Type 2 diabetes. In Type 1, the pancreatic cells produce little or no insulin. Its causes are not precisely known but are believed to be an autoimmune reaction. It can occur at any age, but usually occurs before the age of 30. Type 2 diabetes (T2D), known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) usually develops slowly over time. Most people with this disease are overweight at the time of diagnosis. The increment of body fat makes it difficult for the body to use insulin the right way. It can also occur in thin people and are more common in the elderly. It is the most common form of diabetes. 2.3 The 2nd group involves the types of diabetes with abnormal aetiology. In general these types present a gene mutation and some grade of inheritance. We can mention MODY (Maturity onset diabetes of the young) and GDM (Gestational diabetes). (MODY) is a rare form of diabetes that runs strongly in families. It is caused by an inherited genetic defect, an autosomal inheritance (3 generations of the same family affected) of the insulin-producing cells. After the Type 1 diabetes it is the most frequency type within infants. GDM is first developed during pregnancy, usually appears in mid-pregnancy. The body cannot produce or use enough insulin. It is of very high risk for the pregnancy, so it needs to be controlled. Gestational diabetes can be controlled with a healthy diet and regular exercise, but sometimes the mother will also need insulin. Normally it disappears after delivery, but the mother has more risks of developing diabetes type 2 in the future. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bowling, Ann. Research methods in health: investigating health and health services– 2nd ed. Open University Press, Buckingham †¢ Philadelphia. David Blane, Mel Bartley, George Davey Smith ; Disease aetiology and materialist explanations of socioeconomic mortality differentials; Inequities in health European Journal of Public Health. 1997; 7: 3S5-391 D. A. Collier and J. L. Treasure, The aetiology of eating disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry (2004), 185, 363-365 Donald M. Steinwachs, Ronda G. Hughes, Chapter 8. Health Services Research: Scope and Significance. Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses: Vol. 1 Institute of Alcohol Studies (2007) Alcohol and Mental Health. L Rychetnik, M Frommer, P Hawe, A Shiell, Criteria for evaluating evidence on public health interventions. J Epidemiol Community Health 2002; 56:119–127 Ross and Wilson (2006), Anatomy and Physiology in health and illness, 10th edition Elsevier. R Bonita, R Beaglehole, T Kjellstrà ¶m, Basic epidemiology, WHO, 2nd edition. Saffrey and Stewart (eds) (2001) Maintaining The Whole: Human Biology and Health Book 3, The Open University, Chapter 7. The World health organization (2001) Mental health : new understanding, new hope. Tortora (2003) Introduction to the Human Body: The essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 4th Edition, Wiley Sons. Hawkes, C. (2002) Globalization, Diets and Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization. WHO, Health Research Methodology: A guide for training in research methods. Second Edition. WHO, Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, 2001. World Health Organization, 2001. ICF International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. WHO, Geneve. WHO (1993) The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. Diagnostic Criteria for research. WHO, Geneva. World Health Organization (2002) Globalization, Diets and Noncommunicable Diseases.

Modernist Myth in Suna no Onna’s The Woman in the Dunes Essay -- Movie

Modernist Myth in Suna no Onna’s The Woman in the Dunes The Woman in the Dunes (Suna no Onna, 1964) was directed by Hiroshi Teshigahara and based on the novel by Kobo Abe and falls into the camp of modernism. It’s a faithful adaptation and has realistic and expressionistic elements. Because it is a parable and paradoxical, there are many interpretations – in other words, we’re on our own with this one. An entomologist (Niki) is walking in a stark desert-scape. Everything is shot in black and white. There are closeups of bugs and sand. In one shot, a grain of sand takes up the whole screen. Sand is moving and pouring, it’s a living entity, an organism. The sun is a powerful presence. The man sits in a boat that appears skeletal in the sand. At one point, he says, â€Å"All this paperwork to reassure each other.† Right away, we’re introduced to the alienation theme. Society is ordered by numbers and paperwork, it crushes us with efficiency, dehumanizes us. In nature, he realizes society’s deficiencies. This world we all know through personal experience, or by reading Kafka. The bureaucracy, which seems so rational, is brutal in its machine-like efficiency. Two decades later, George Lucas’ Star Wars would refer to this bureaucracy as the Empire. Where does one turn? Where is meaning, where is freedom? Nature, community, love? These are possibilities in the film, but each one has its dangers. Yet, to bring up a contradiction, the protagonist doesn’t mind this world of rationality and efficiency when he is in control. Most likely, he has no problem with his job when he’s back home and not a prisoner but a well-paid worker in the bureaucracy. The last bus has left, so he has to seek shelter in the village. A person in a str... ...tion that is about the art of writing fiction. In Italo Calvino’s Invisible Cities Polo describes a host of cities to the Great Khan. But there are TV antennas and airplanes here and there. How can this be? The artist, rather than giving you a transparent view, shows you his creativity, as well as the indivisibility of time. Of modernism, the existential dilemma stands out most sharply. Of postmodernisn, the dispersal of responsibility stands out most sharply. What’s so significant is that the film appears during the early years of postmodernism -- when it was figuring itself out. Works Cited Desser, David. Eros Plus Massacre: An Introduction to the Japanese New Wave Cinema. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988. McDonald, Keiko I. Cinema East: A Critical Study of Major Japanese Films. Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson Press, 1983.

Humorous character Essay

Hereafter, Shakespeare decides to extend Bottom’s appearance of silliness even further by transforming his head into a donkey’s head, which, according to the story, is the result of the fairy, Puck’s exertion. After that little incident, Bottom’s mates start to flee in anxiety. Bottom is obviously confused why his buddies are running away from him, since he doesn’t know that his head has been replaced by a donkey head. When doing this, Shakespeare uses the dramatic irony-technique again to increase the hilarity for this scene even more. – The audience is aware of the ass head, but Bottom is not – He’s striding around all over the stage, confused why his mates ran away from him, but his pompous attitude is not all gone yet, so instead of asking them, why they’re running away from him, he chooses to believe, they’re just messing about with him. So when they’re all running away in anxiety, he shouts, that he’ll not be afraid of their little joke. Bottom just want to keep his pride, whatever it takes to do so. For that reason, he randomly starts to sing about birds. – Which after my opinion is a quite ridiculous thing to do just suddenly. To his surprise, he’s overheard by Titania, the fairy queen, who Puck has also messed around with, to make her fall in love with the first creature she set her eyes on. This creature turns out to be Bottom the weaver. She hears his song and falls madly in love with him. – It is humorous that the high class fairy queen, perhaps a beauty beyond everything else, falls in love with a low class guy, whose head has the same figure as the head of an animal, which is most likely considered one of the most unintelligent and stubborn mammals in the world. (I bet Shakespeare took this into account when he was writing the play). This is clearly shown when they’re speaking. Titania says something like: â€Å"Be kind and courteous to this gentleman†¦ † and she nearly makes a whole poem out of her speech, with lots of long poetic words. Bottom will respond with something that he think himself is a hilarious joke; ‘well-thought’ and ‘intellectual’ – Not quite, but Bottom doesn’t know, because he’s still got his pompous attitude. Shakespeare had most certainly been thinking thoroughly about the names of the fairies, that Bottom was about to meet when Titania had convinced him to go with her, because he wanted to make Bottom come up with a joke for each and everyone of them – A fairly bad joke of course. Shakespeare knew that Bottom still had this pompous attitude going on, but he also knew that Bottom was a somewhat stupid character. It requires a certain level of intelligence to come up with good jokes, which will make listeners laugh or at least produce a bit of giggling. – But Bottom doesn’t have that intelligence. The thing that makes Bottom funny is not his jokes, but his belief that his jokes are good and the amount of time he’s spend making them up.

Having a Child does Reduce Marriage Satisfaction Essay

Children should be source of happiness to a family, but that is not necessarily the case. The addition (or even removal) of a person from a family may cause the family to require a lot of reorganization in order to maintain its normal system [LeMasters, 1957 cited in Twenge, Campbell and Foster (2003)]. The inclusion of a new person into the family is usually a kind of crisis since it has to be supported by a reorganization of the family that would strive to restore normalcy while accommodating the new person. LeMasters (1957) likened the reorganization process to a crisis since it must involve making of concrete decisions to solve problems in old patterns of the family, which become somehow insufficient with the incoming of a new parson, especially a newborn. Insufficiency in a family due to the arrival of newborn arises due to several factors, which may be directly linked to the infant or indirectly affecting the parents. Nevertheless, babies at different ages have different requirements, and thus affect family systems in different ways. Twenge, Campbell and Foster (2003) noted that parents with children under the age of five years experience persistent lack of sleep due to the infants’ need for close attention particularly at night. In addition, such parents may also experience chronic tiredness, some form of guilt that they are not offering the best care (particularly if the infant keeps on crying), and a feeling of too much confinement at home to care for the baby. At the individual level, mothers may be concerned about their appearance, both in terms of the stress involve in taking care of the baby and in the physical attributes of the body after birth. According to Foley, Kope and Sugrue (2001), first time mothers are particularly prone to this kind of stress. For the fathers, a research recorded by Gottman (1994) revealed that becoming a father was partly the cause of declines in wife’s sexual responsiveness and ultimately, dissatisfaction in marriage. Moreover, fathers usually become burdened with a role to be sole breadwinners for the family since the women (even those who are working) have to be reduced to the role of housewives as they take care of babies in their early stages of growth. In general, when a married couple gets a baby, there is a tendency that the couple may be affected in number of ways. To begin with, there may be an increase in household chores and stress (since the baby has its own requirements in addition to the routine duties) (Twenge, Campbell and Foster, 2003). This may be amplified due to lack of adequate time for discussion between the couple as much of the time is directed to the baby. Secondly, the lack of discussion would result in poor companionship of the couple. Thirdly, as the gap between the couple and the baby becomes the center of focus, the couple’s sexual life may be annihilated (Twenge, Campbell and Foster, 2003). In addition, as a married couple gets distant due to the arrival of a baby, they may seek solace in their daily activities but this is likely to confer a number of disadvantages to the family since there may be an overload in accumulated roles of each parent (partner). McCary (1975) and Morgan (1988) have shown that in case the wives are not working, the arrival of a baby exacerbates depedendecy of the wife on the man hence the man feels more superior at the expense of the demoralized wife. Hence, birth raises inequity between married partners. Finally, having a child generates negative assessments of marriage, especially among the non-traditional women who may look at giving birth and taking care of a baby as too tedious and involving a task (Twenge, Campbell and Foster, 2003). In spite of the many challenges faced by families in having children, some authors (such as Foley, Kope and Sugrue [2001]) have noted that having a child may decrease marriage satisfaction, increase it or have no effect at all. Hence, all the aforementioned effects of having a child cannot be generalized to all families since different facilities have different levels of socialization and economic standing among other factors. It is thus worth noting that having a child confers various effects on the family setting. This paper will focus on the effect of having child in marriage but will be biased towards the preposition that having a child or children does reduce satisfaction in marriage. The paper will involve a review of past works on the concept accompanied with concise discussion based on the findings. In order to come up with a deduction on the topic, conclusions will be derived from the discussion to justify if the perception indeed holds water.

An Introduction to the Human Body Test 1 Essays

An Introduction to the Human Body Test 1 Essays An Introduction to the Human Body Test 1 Essay An Introduction to the Human Body Test 1 Essay SWTJC 2401 Lecture Exam Review 1 Part 1 Multiple Choice Questions Part 2 Short answer questions Part 3 Crtical thinking questions Chapter 1. An Introduction to the Human Body 1. This is the study of the functions of body structures. a. Physiology 2. This is defined as a group of cells with similar structure and function. b. Tissue 3. Using your fingers to find your pulse on your wrist is an example of c. Palpation 4. Percussion techniques can be used to determine d. Fluid in the lungs 5. This is the sum of all cellular processes that occur in the body. e. Metabolism 6. This is the regulation of body conditions within normal limits. f. Homeostasis 7. The systems that provide homeostasis are: g. Nervous system and Endocrine 8. This body fluid directly affects the proper functioning of cells. h. Interstitial fluid 9. This is the structure of a feedback system that receives output from the control center. i. Effector 10. This is the structure of a feedback system that provides input to the control center. j. Receptor 11. A condition NOT regulated by a negative feedback loop would be: k. Childbirth 12. This is a change in body function that can be measured objectively. l. Sign 13. In which cavity is the brain located? m. Cranial cavity 14. In which cavity are the lungs located? n. Pleural cavity 15. In which cavity is the stomach located? o. Abdominal cavity 16. This cavity is inferior to the abdominopelvic cavity. p. Pelvic cavity 17. Which cavity would include the heart? q. Pericardial cavity 18. The function of the secretions of the serous membrane is to: r. Reduce friction between organs 19. This plane divides the body into right and left halves. s. Sagittal 20. This plane divides the body into anterior and posterior halves. t. Frontal 21. A transverse plane will cut a body or organ into . Superior and inferior 22. This directional term means farthest from the midline. v. Lateral 23. This directional term means farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk or farther from the origination of a structure. w. Distal 24. This directional term is the opposite of deep. x. Superficial 25. Choose the directional term that would make the sentence correct. The heart is _____ to the liver. y. Superior 26. Choose the directional term that would make the sentence correct: The sternum is ____ to the heart. z. Anterior 27. Which of the following organs is not found in the abdominal cavity? {. Diaphragm 28. This covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen. |. Serous membrane Chapter 2. The Chemical Level of Organization 1. What are the major elements found in the body? a. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen 2. The subatomic particles that make up atoms include: b. Protons, neutrons, electrons 3. Which of the following particles has a neutral charge? c. Neutron 4. What region of an atom contains the protons and neutrons? d. Nucleus 5. This is the number of protons or electrons. e. Atomic number 6. As an atoms nucleus decays, it will emit radiation. This is seen in f. Isotopes 7. This refers to the atomic weight of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element. g. Atomic mass 8. Which of the following particles plays a role in creating chemical bonds? h. Electron 9. This is a negatively charged atom. i. Ion 10. Which of the below provide an electrical current?. j. Electrolyte 11. This type of bond requires a sharing of electrons. k. Covalent 12. This is the type of bond between the atoms forming water l. Polar covalent 13. Which of the following bonds provides the three dimensional structure of large molecules like proteins and DNA? m. n. Hydrogen 14. This occurs when new bonds form or old bonds break between atoms. o. Chemical reaction 15. This is defined as the capacity to do work. p. Energy 16. This type of reaction will absorb more energy that it releases. q. Endergonic 17. An enzyme acts to r. Lower the activation energy needed 18. This type of reaction will combine reactants to produce larger products. s. Synthesis 19. This type of reaction will break larger reactants to produce smaller products. t. Decomposition 20. This is the most abundant and most important inorganic compound in the body. u. Water 21. A solute that dissolves in water is. v. Hydrophillic 2. In a typical body solution, the solvent is. w. Water 23. A solution with a pH value smaller than 7 would be a(n) c. Acid 24. A substance that adds or removes Hydrogen ions from a solution is a(n) e. buffer 25. Which of the following is considered a proton donor? x. Acid 26. These are specific arrangements of atoms that confer characteristic chemical properties upon org anic molecules. y. Functional groups 27. Glucose and fructose both have the chemical formula C6H12O6 so they are considered z. Isomers 28. Which of the following is a monosaccaride that is important in producing energy. {. Glucose 29. The major energy storage polysaccharide in humans is |. Glycogen 30. This type of triglyceride contains more than one double bond in the fatty acid carbon atoms. }. Polyunsaturated 31. This type of lipid is the body’s long term energy storage molecule. ~. Triglyceride 32. This type of lipid is used by the body to create hormones. . Triglyceride 33. Which of the following is NOT true about phospholipids? ?. They are a major energy storage lipid 34. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are considered: ?. Amphipathic ?. Both Lipids and Eicosanoids ?. Eicosanoids ?. All of the above Ans: D 35. The primary structure of a protein contains ?. Amino acids 36. Which of the following is a purine? ?. Guanine 37. Which is the function of RNA? ?. transfer information for protein synthesis 38. Which is the function of DNA? ?. store information for protein synthesis 39. Which is the function of ATP? ?. Transfers energy for cell functions 40. What monomer is used to build RNA and DNA? ?. nucleotide Chapter 3. The Cellular Level of Organization 1. What are the three main parts of a eukaryotic cell? a. Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus 2. Plasma membranes consist of what three components? b. Proteins, phospholipids, cholesterol 3. What are the nonpolar parts of a phospholipid? . Tail group 4. This is the only polar portion of a cholesterol molecule and it forms hydrogen bonds with the polar heads of phospholipids. d. –OH group 5. This type of membrane protein will extend throughout the entire membrane touching both the Intracellular fluid and the Extracellular fluid. e. Integral proteins f. Transmembrane proteins g. Integra l proteins and Transmembrane proteins Ans: D 6. This portion of the cell membrane enables cell membranes to produce chemical products. . h. Enzymes 7. Which of the following is a function of a membrane protein that binds with hormones and neurotransmitters? . Receptors 8. This type of membrane protein helps to anchor proteins in the plasma membrane of neighboring cells to one another. j. Linkers 9. The characteristic of plasma membranes allowing only some substances to move through is known as†¦ k. Selective permeability 10. Which of the following does NOT influence the rate of diffusion? l. Amount of ATP available 12. This is a measure of a solutions ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content. d. Pressure 11. This is the transport process by which gases move through a membrane. m. Simple diffusion 12. In this type of transport process a solute, like Glucose, binds to a specific transporter protein on one side of the membrane and is released on the other side after the transporter protein undergoes a change in shape. n. Facilitated diffusion 13. In this transport process, the energy from hydrolysis of ATP is used to drive substances across the membrane against their own concentration gradients. o. Primary active transport 14. If the solute concentration is greater in the solution on the inside of the cell, compared to the solute concentration of the solution that is outside the cell, then what direction will water move? . into the cell 15. In this transport process, the energy stored in Na+ or H+ concentration gradient is used to drive other substances across the membrane against their own concentration gradients. q. Secondary active transport 16. This is a transport process by which cells secrete materials, within vesicles, into the extracellular fluid. r. Exocytosis 17. This is a transport process by which cells take up extracellular substances within vesicles.. s. Endocytosis 18. This is an extension of the plasma membrane that will surround a particle outside the cell forming a vesicle. . Pseudopod 19. The function of the cytosol is. u. Location of chemical reactions 20. These perform special functions in cellular growth, maintenance and reproduction. v. organelles 21. This organelle is comprised of microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules. w. cytoskeleton 22. This is comprised of a pair of centrioles and pericentriolar materials. x. centrosome 23. One type of human cell (spermatozoa) is capable of movement because it has this type of microtubule. y. flagella 24. This organelle contains ribosomes, which synthesis proteins z. ough endoplasmic reticulum 25. This is an organelle that modifies proteins produced elsewhere. {. Golgi body 26. These are small flattened curved membranous sacs with bulging edges. |. cisternae 27. Which organelle oxid izes organic molecules? }. peroxisomes 28. Which organelle recycles worn out organelles? ~. lysosomes 29. Proteasomes . Degrade faulty cellular proteins 30. Mitochondria ?. generate ATP 31. Which of the following protects the contents of the nucleus? ?. nuclear membrane 32. What is the major function of a histone protein? ?. Help organize coiling of DNA 33. This is a long molecule of DNA that contains genes-there are 46 in each body cell. ?. chromosome 34. This is the set of rules that, relating the base triplet sequence of DNA to the corresponding codons of RNA, specifies a sequence of amino acids. ?. genetic code 35. This binds to an amino acid and holds it in place on a ribosome until it is incorporated into a protein during translation. ?. DNA 36. This portion of a DNA segment does not code for a protein. ?. Intron 37. This process is division of the cytoplasm. ?. cytokinesis 38. During which phase do organelles duplicate and centrosome replication begin? . Interphase 39. Normally how long does the G2 phase last? ?. 4-6 hours 40. During this phase the chromatin fibers condense and shorten into chromosomes that are visible under the microscope. ?. Prophase 41. The function of mitosis is e. production of new cells 42. During this phase a cleavage furrow forms. ?. Anaphase Chapter 4. The Tissue Level of Organization 1. Which of the fol lowing is not one of the main tissue types found in the human body? a. myocardial 2. This type of cell junction anchors adjacent cells and resists their separation during contractile activities. b. adherens and desmosome 3. This is a thin extracellular layer, that commonly consists of basal lamina and reticular lamina, that is found in epithelial tissues. c. basement membrane 4. Epithelial tissue d. All of the above 5. This tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. e. Simple squamous epithelial 6. This tissue forms the most superficial layer of the skin. f. Stratified squamous epithelial 7. This tissue forms glands. g. Stratified cuboidal epithelial 8. This tissue lines the respiratory tract and the fallopian tubes. h. Simple columnar epithelial 9. Where is it most likely to find transitional epithelial cells? . Urinary bladder 10. These are categorized by whether the ducts are branched or unbranched. j. Multicellular glands 11. This type of multicellular gland branching has a rounded secretory part attached to a single unbranched duct and is found mainly in sebaceous glands. k. Simple branched acinar 12. Simple tubular multicellular branching has l. The tubular secretory po rtion straight and attaches to a single unbranched duct. 13. How are exocrine glands classified? m. Based on how they synthesize their secretion 14. This type of exocrine gland accumulates their product in their cytosol. n. Holocrine 15. In connective tissue, the matrix consists of o. Protein fibers and ground substance 16. Connective tissues do NOT include p. Liver cells 17. This component of connective tissue is found between the cells and fibers and is used for support and as a medium for chemical reactions. q. Ground substance 18. Common polysaccharides found in ground substance include r. Hyaluronic acid 19. Which fibers are seen in embedded in the matrix of connective tissue? s. Elastic t. Reticular u. Collagen v. All of the above Ans: D 20. Reticular fibers help form this, which is used as a supporting framework for many soft organs. . Stroma 21. Which of the following is classified as loose connective tissue? x. Areolar connective tissue 22. Where is the most common location for adipose tissue? y. Subcutaneous layer deep to skin 23. Dense connective tissues main function is z. Strong attachment between structures 24. This type of connective tissue is used mainly for support within the skeletal system. {. Fibr ocartilage 25. What is the basic unit of compact bone tissue? |. osteon 26. Spongy bone lacks }. Osteons 27. The matrix in blood tissue is ~. Platelets 28. What is NOT an epithelial membrane in the human body? . Endocardium membrane 9. This type of membrane lines a body cavity that does NOT open directly to the outside. ?. Serous 30. These are immature, undifferentiated cells that can divide to replace lost or damaged cells. ?. Stem cells 31. Which of the below tissues is responsible for pumping blood? a. c. cardiac muscle 32. Which of the below tissues is small, spindle shaped and found in the walls of hollow organs? b. smooth muscle 33. Which of the below tissues has more than one nucleus and is voluntary? a. skeletal muscle 59. Which cells are excitable and, therefore, able to carry electrical impulses? a. muscular and nervous