Exercises to Alleviate a Separated Rectus Essays - 588 Words

Although common in postpartum women, a separated rectus, also known as diastasis recti, can also occur in obese individuals and in children up to 2 years of age. (See References 1, p. 337) This condition occurs when theres a separation between the right and left side of the rectus abdominis muscle. This can trigger pelvic and back pain, and make it hard to stabilize the trunk. (See References 2) Although it can correct itself, targeted exercise can lend a helping hand. Things to Consider Abdominal exercise, such as traditional crunches and situps, arent going to correct a separated rectus. More so, they can worsen the condition, and make your tummy bulge out. (See References 3, p. 64) Your emphasis should be on retraining your†¦show more content†¦After exhaling and engaging your transverse abdominis by pulling your belly button to your spine, engage your buttocks and roll your hips back. Imagine trying to eliminate the space between your back and the floor. Hold the contraction in your tummy for up to five seconds, and then release it and return your hips to the starting point. Perform pelvic tilts up to 10 times, three times a day. (See References 3, p. 65) Lift Your Hips The hip lift, sometimes also referred to as the bridge exercise, is also done while lying on the floor on your back, with your feet flat and knees bent. This exercise is the next step up from the pelvic tilt. It starts in a similar manner; you draw your navel to your spine and engage your glutes. Instead of staying on the floor, you raise your hips and back until your body forms a straight line from your knees to your shoulders. Hold the contraction for up to five seconds, and then lower back down to the starting point. Repeat this motion 10 times, up to three times a day. (See References 3, p. 65) Key Concepts separated rectus exercises separated rectus abdominis diastasis recti exercises correcting abdominal separation References Clinical Mastery in the Treatment of Myofascial Pain; Lucy Whyte Ferguson and Robert Gerwin [http://books.google.com/books?id=FrEmzwNOG_ICpg=PA337dq=diastasis+rectihl=ensa=Xei=46wBU_KxMM-DogS7r4Boved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepageq=diastasis%20rectif=false] The Physiotherapy

Prescription Drug Abuse Free Essays

Introduction. When we think of drug nuts and maltreatment we usually think of people who take the common street drugs such as cocaine, cleft, heroine, or other illegal drugs. However most people do n’t recognize or take earnestly the turning figure of maltreaters of prescription drugs presently in our state. We will write a custom essay sample on Prescription Drug Abuse or any similar topic only for you Order Now There is a common misconception that merely because a physician prescribes a certain drug that that is someway safer and different than utilizing the alleged street drugs. After all, you are being given a prescription to take the drug by your doctor, and it is non illegal or a offense. However, we must recognize that dependence is n’t limited to merely illicit drugs on the street, but frequently doctor prescribed medicines as good. Prescription drugs have improved and saved infinite Numberss of lives over the old ages as many new discoveries have been achieved in scientific discipline and medical specialty in handling a assortment of known diseases. â€Å"However, utilizing these drugs without the supervising of a doctor or for intents different from their intended usage can take to serious inauspicious effects, including decease from overdose and physical dependence. Because many prescription drugs are frequently opiate based, when abused, these drugs can be as habit-forming and unsafe as illegal drugs.† 1 ) ( Pat Moore Foundation | Prescription Drug Abuse, 2009 ) . Harmonizing to ( M.D, Volkow, 2005 ) , manager at the National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2 ) â€Å"an estimated 48 million people ( ages 12 and older ) , have used prescription drugs for non-medical grounds, which represents about 20 per centum of the U.S. population.† Additionally, 3 ) â€Å"in 2000, approximately 43 per centum of infirmary exigency admittances for drug overdoses ( about 500,000 people ) happened because of misused prescription drugs, and in â€Å"2006 entirely, 700,000 exigency room visits were attributed to prescription drug overdoses.† 4 ) ( Thibodeau, 2009 ) . This type of drug maltreatment is increasing at an dismaying rate because of their widespread handiness, including online pharmaceuticss which have made it much easier for anyone regardless of age to get drugs without a prescription. ( Prescription Drug Abuse Information | Drug Rehab Programs, 2009 ) . 3 ) â€Å"One of the most common and primary methods of obtaining prescription drugs by nuts is by physician shopping harmonizing to the Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) .†5 ) This method refers to a individual who continually searches out different physicians to order the same medicines in order to feed their dependences. I think most of us either know or have known persons or even household members who have resorted to this type of behaviour in order to acquire prescription drugs for this intent. The most common types of drugs that are frequently abused are cardinal nervous system sedatives such as benzodiazepines or tranquillizers, often prescribed for anxiousness and kiping upsets, opioids and narcotics for hurting alleviation, and stimulations such as those given for attending shortage hyperactivity upset, ( ADHD ) , narcolepsy, and fleshiness. 6 ) ( Prescription Drug Abuse Chart – Drugs of Abuse and Related Topics – NIDA, 2009 ) â€Å"For illustration, U.S. prescriptions for stimulations ( including those taken for ADHD ) increased from around 5 million in 1991 to about 35 million in 2007. Prescriptions for opioid analgesics such as oxycodone ( OxyContin ) and hydrocodone ( Vicodin ) increased from 40 million in 1991 to 180 million in 2007.† 7 ) ( Mayo Clinic, 2008 ) . I feel the grounds for this important addition in prescription drug maltreatment is simple. We live in a society today that tells you a pill can bring around and work out all of your jobs no affair what they are. All we have to make is turn on the telecasting and see the changeless barrage of advertizements for the latest prescription drugs on the market. As a consequence, the pharmaceutical industry is doing one million millions of dollars off of people and is surely non traveling to kick, therefore encouraging and driving the epidemic even more. Furthermore, these drugs are comparatively easy to obtain and are socially acceptable by the huge bulk of the public compared to illegal drugs. In merely the past several old ages, we have seen the outgrowth and proliferation of many â€Å"pain clinics† throughout the United States. Although non all are bad, some of these installations as stated by 8 ) ( Silverman A ; Brown, MD, 2009 ) , â€Å"are frequently non-physician owned and run merely inside the jurisprudence. The doctors who pattern in these installations are seldom accredited through board enfranchisement processes, and many take no insurance and publicize confidential, hard currency merely services. Some even advertise armed guards in the waiting suites. With no inadvertence, these installations serve as a beginning for a uninterrupted supply of controlled substances to frequently times addicted and sometimes naAA?ve people. It is non uncommon to happen patients of these installations having 10s of 1000s of mgs of opioid medicines each month.† With these types of plans and clinics runing and promoting such drug maltreatment, I feel that the people who truly necessitate these medicines are frequently the 1s who suffer, such as persons with painful terminal diseases and unwellnesss like malignant neoplastic disease. I experienced this first-hand with my mother several old ages ago when she was diagnosed with terminal lung malignant neoplastic disease that had metastasized to her castanetss, and impotently watched her suffer from hurting. While she was undergoing radiation interventions at a malignant neoplastic disease clinic, her physician at that place stated that she should utilize Advil to assist with her hurting and that the authorities was checking down on agenda drugs that were prescribed. My response to this is, if malignant neoplastic disease patients ca n’t acquire the necessary hurting medicines they urgently need, yet nuts can acquire all they want, so there is something really incorrect with this state we live in and our wellness attention system. Decision. What is of import to acknowledge and go cognizant of about prescription drug maltreatment is that it is much the same as other signifiers of illegal drug maltreatment such as cocaine or diacetylmorphine, and no 1 is immune. It can be merely as unsafe and lifelessly as other illicit drugs, and affects persons of all ages, races, gender, and socio-economic backgrounds. It can besides destruct households, occupations, and places every bit good as holding fatal wellness effects. In fact, usage of prescription drugs now causes more deceases than diacetylmorphine and cocaine combined, harmonizing to the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration.† 9 ) ( Treatment Solutions Network, 2009 ) . Furthermore, with the recent tragic and ill-timed deceases of famous persons such as Michael Jackson, Anna Nicole Smith, and Heath Ledger related to prescription drug maltreatment, I feel this job is eventually being brought to the head and exposed, conveying a much needed consciousness to the dangers and effects of mistreating prescription drugs. Mentions: 1 ) Pat Moore Foundation | Prescription Drug Abuse. ( n.d. ) . . Retrieved December 6, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.patmoorefoundation.com/prescription-drug-abuse 2 M.D, Volkow, N. ( 2005 ) . NIDA – Research Report Series – Prescription Drugs: Maltreatment and Addiction. Retrieved December 6, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.drugabuse.gov/ResearchReports/Prescription/Prescription.html 3 ) Prescription Drug Abuse Information | Drug Rehab Programs. ( 2009 ) . . Retrieved December 6, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.prescription-drug-abuse.org/ 4 ) Thibodeau, D. ( 2009, October 20 ) . Prescription drug maltreatment now tops illegal drug usage | GoDanRiver. Retrieved December 7, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www2.godanriver.com/gdr/news/local/danville_news/article/prescription_drug_abuse_now_tops_illegal_drug_use/14771/ 5 ) Drug Addiction – Doctor Shopping – Chronic Pain Medication Addiction. ( 2009 ) . . Retrieved December 6, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.drug-addiction.com/doctor_shopping.htm 6 ) Prescription Drug Abuse Chart – Drugs of Abuse and Related Topics – NIDA. ( 2009 ) . . Retrieved December 6, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nida.nih.gov/DrugPages/PrescripDrugsChart.html 7 ) Mayo Clinic. ( 2008 ) . Prescription drug maltreatment – MSN Health A ; Fitness – Addiction|Quit Smoking. Retrieved December 6, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //health.msn.com/health-topics/addiction/articlepage.aspx? cp-documentid=100211994 8 ) Silverman, MD, S. M. , A ; Brown, MD, L. ( 2009 ) . Prescription Drug Abuse: In the US and Florida. Retrieved December 7, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hgexperts.com/article.asp? id=6649 9 ) Treatment Solutions Network. ( 2009 ) . Prescription Drug Abuse and Addiction. Retrieved December 6, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.treatmentsolutionsnetwork.com/prescription-drug-abuse.html How to cite Prescription Drug Abuse, Essay examples Prescription Drug Abuse Free Essays The audience I will be addressing is parents, caregivers and school educators about the dangers of prescription drugs and how we can better educate teenagers and young adults on the dangers of abusing them. There are many ways that we can teach and educate our teenagers and young adults, but it’s important that families, schools and communities are involved. The rate of prescription drug overdose among teenagers and young adults have sky rocketed over the past several years. We will write a custom essay sample on Prescription Drug Abuse or any similar topic only for you Order Now This has become a growing epidemic and if we don’t step in and do something, this problem will only get worse. No parent or caregiver ever wants to lose a child and it can be especial harder knowing that you could have helped prevent it. Some people say it’s the schools job to education this subject and others say that education starts at home. Where can our parents/caregivers get the information they need to help better understand the problem itself and to help safe guard their children? Who would be the best influence to talk to our teens and young adults? In my essay I will explain why it’s so important that schools and parents/caregivers need to both educate and talk to our young adults and teens. 205) Kara Gordon Prescription Drug Abuse among Teens and Young Adults Prescription drug misuse and overdose among teens and young adults is one of the fastest growing health epidemics in the United States. While there has been a marked decrease in the use of some illegal drugs like cocaine, data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) show that nearly one-third of p eople aged 12 and over whom used drugs for the first time began by using a prescription drug non-medically. The amount of controlled substances dispensed and used non medically is scary considering that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that opioid drugs, including oxycodone and hydrocodone, caused more than 15,500 overdose deaths in 2010 and that number is increasing. Parents/caregivers and educators need to action and educate our children before it’s too late. Informing teens and young adults about the dangers of taking prescription drugs that don’t belong to them could save their lives. Teens and young adults have chosen prescription drugs as their drug of choice because it is less expensive as illegal drugs like cocaine or marijuana, and more easily accessible. All they need to do is walk into their own bathroom and look into the medicine cabinet. It’s sitting in plain sight for the taking. They don’t realize the danger of taking prescription drugs that were not prescribed to them. They think because it was prescribed by a doctor that it must be safe. Teens and young adults also feel that, †Parents don’t care as much if they get caught using prescription drugs, without a doctor’s prescription, than they do if they get caught using illegal drugs† (PR Newswire 4/23/13) like cocaine or marijuana. The most commonly known and used prescription pills that teens and young adults abuse are Vicodin, Oxycontin, Adderall, and Ritalin. There are also designer drugs such as â€Å"K2†, â€Å"Spice† and â€Å"bath salts. † These designer drugs can be extremely dangerous because they haven’t been tested or approved and you are basically experimenting on your own body. When teens and young adults use these types of prescription drugs, most people think that they are looking to get high. This is not always the case. â€Å"Teens abuse prescription drugs for a number of reasons, including to get high, to treat pain, or because they think it will help them with school work. Boys and girls tend to abuse some types of prescription drugs for many different reasons. † (Bethesda) Like, boys are more likely to abuse prescription stimulants to get high, while girls tend to abuse them to stay alert or to lose weight. Teens and young adults realize when they have taken to many pills until it’s too late. â€Å"Some of the signs or symptoms they may poses are an altered mental state, confusion, slurred speech excited delirium or agitation, sweating and out of control. †(Knudson) They may be unable to breathe on their own. If you notice any of these symptoms you should take them to the emergency room immediately. It is better to have them looked at by a physician than not at all. As parents and caregivers it’s your job to make sure that your prescription drugs are stored in their proper place at your home. Just like guns, they need to be locked up and out of reach of your loved ones. Therefore does not provide them the opportunity or means to get them. We also need to â€Å"take the opportunity to clean out our medicine cabinets and safely dispose of unwanted drugs. † (PR Newswire 2013) There are several ways that you can properly dispose of your prescriptions drugs and one way is to use medication disposal envelopes. This is a postage-paid envelope that allows people to mail their unwanted or unused prescriptions to a licensed, secure facility for safe destruction. Another way is through a National Drug Take Back Day. Communities will hold these take back days to provide a safe, convenient and secure means of drug disposal. This is usually run by law enforcement or municipal agencies. Education is also a key ingredient to help protecting our children from prescription drug abuse. Almost a decade ago schools were more focused on keeping students from misusing alcohol and illegal street drugs like ecstasy, heroin and cocaine that there was never a concern to even speak about prescription drugs. After a study held by the Centers of Disease Control in 2009, it showed that teens as early as eleven years old were taking prescription medicine at was not prescribed to them. â€Å"Prevention of adolescent drug use has never been more important and response to this alarming trend, â€Å"Wake UP† was formed as a community education campaign to raise awareness of the dangers of abusing prescription drugs and to prevent first time use by teens and young adults. (PR Newswire 2012) This program was created by The Pain Truth, a charitable organization that started two years ago as an effort to education our children to make better decisions when opportunities of prescription drug abuse are given. This campaign is provided to all schools and communities at no cost. â€Å"Misuse and abuse of prescription drugs knows no boundaries and requires a comprehensive response that engages all elements and influencers of a teenager’s life. † This was stated by Paul Barsky, the head of Upper School at Francis Parker School. What better way to sum up this essay. There are thousands of teens and young adults out there abusing prescription drugs right now. It is our job as parents, caregivers, and educators to do everything in our power to teach our teens and young adults everything we can about the dangers of prescription drug abuse. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies in 2012 reported that among Indiana residents ages 12 to 17, 8. 2% used prescription pain medications for nonmedical purposes in the past year; Indiana’s percentage was statistically similar to the nation’s 6. %. The Indiana College Substance Use Survey that was conducted in 2011 showed 11. 3% of Indiana College students used prescription medications not prescribed to them in the past year, with 6. 2% currently using and 3. 8% of Indiana college students misused their prescription medication in the past year, with 1. 4% of students reporting current misuse. That is why it is so important that we reach out to our children and communicate and education them as best we can. You never know that the next child’s life that is saved could be our own. (1069) How to cite Prescription Drug Abuse, Papers Prescription Drug Abuse Free Essays Amy Thompson Speech 2 Oral Communications Prescription Drug Abuse Today I am going to talk to you about prescription drugs abuse. Many of us know people that take prescribed medication on a daily basis and I don’t know about you guys but I have seen people that have become addicted in which it’s sometimes painful to watch. No one decides to get addicted to prescription pain pills, sometimes a person’s body becomes immune the amount and that’s why they need more and more to help control the pain. We will write a custom essay sample on Prescription Drug Abuse or any similar topic only for you Order Now What is prescription drug abuse? According to NIH (National Institute on Drug Abuse), â€Å"Prescription drug abuse is the use of a medication without a prescription. † From the website drugabuse. gov ,† In 2009, 16 million Americans age 12 and older had taken a prescription pain reliever, tranquilizer, stimulant, or sedative for nonmedical purposes at least once in the year prior to being surveyed. Source: National Survey on Drug Use and Health (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration Web Site). The NIDA-funded 2010 Monitoring the Future Study showed that 2. 7% of 8th graders, 7. % of 10th graders, and 8. 0% of 12th graders had abused Vicodin and 2. 1% of 8th graders, 4. 6% of 10th graders, and 5. 1% of 12th graders had abused OxyContin for nonmedical purposes at least once in the year prior to being surveyed. † Prescription painkillers work by binding to receptors in the brain to decrease the perception of pain. These powerful drugs can create a feeling of euphoria, cause physical depen dence, and, in some people, lead to addiction. Prescription painkillers also cause sedation and slow down a person’s breathing. A person who is abusing prescription painkillers might take larger doses to achieve a euphoric effect and reduce withdrawal symptoms. These larger doses can cause breathing to slow down so much that breathing stops, resulting in a fatal overdose. Understanding the groups at highest risk for overdose can help states target interventions. Research shows that some groups are particularly vulnerable to prescription drug overdose: * People who obtain multiple controlled substance prescriptions from multiple providers—a practice known as â€Å"doctor shopping. * People who take high daily dosages of prescription painkillers and those who misuse multiple abuse-prone prescription drugs. * Low-income people and those living in rural areas. * People on Medicaid are prescribed painkillers at twice the rate of non-Medicaid patients and are at six times the risk of prescription painkillers overdose. 20,21 One Washington State study found that 45% of people who died from prescription paink iller overdoses were Medicaid enrollees. * People with mental illness and those with a history of substance abuse There are many different types of prescriptions drugs people abuse and today I am going to tell you about the top drug classifications that people abuse and why they abuse them. How do people get addicted to them and what are some side effects of taking these drugs. First there are many different classifications that prescription drugs fall into. The most commonly abused are Opioids which are used for pain, Central Nervous System (also known as CNS) which are used for anxiety and sleeping disorders. The last type of classification is a stimulant and these are usually used for treating patients with Narcolepsy and ADHD. The information about each one of these different classifications breaks down how the drug is used, why people use them and how some get addicted to them. Some of the Opioids include Fentanyl, which is often used to treat pain for either Cancer patient or a person who may have had surgery. Heroin is a type of drug similar to Fentanyl but Fentanyl is more addictive. This drug can be injected, eaten in a candy form or used as a patch. When using this prescription drug illegally you will find people either smoking or snorting it. The more Fentanyl you take the more you will need to continue to get high. Excessive use of fentanyl can also cause extreme drowsiness, constipation, confusion, fatigue, nausea, and sedation. Fentanyl can also cause serious complications, such as coma, respiratory distress, and respiratory arrest. This is especially true in people who have not built up a tolerance to fentanyl, such as people taking a very large amount without having taken the drug previously. Hydrocodone/Vicodin is also classified as an Opioid and they are used to help relieve moderate to severe pain. Hydrocodone is the generic drug and Vicodin is Hydrocodone mixed with an acetaminophen. Hydrocodone is plant based and is similar to Heroin. Some brand names are Lortab and Vicodin. This drug is taking orally in a tablet form and sometimes this drug is found in liquid form. According to the U. S. Drug Enforcement Administrations, â€Å"It has been shown in studies to be as effective as or more effective than Codeine and is nearly as strong as Morphine when it comes to pain relief. † University of Michigan conducted a study, â€Å"Vicodin, a pain killer was the top prescription drug abused by high school seniors representing 8. 1% of all drugs (pharmaceutical and non-medical) used. Stimulant Adderall followed at 6. 5%. Oxycontin/Oxycodone is a narcotic pain reliever used to treat moderate to severe pain. When abusers are using this drug they either crush the tablet to ingest or snort it also some are known to dilute it in water and inject it. It has become one of the most abused prescription drugs in the United States. Central Nervous System (CNS) depressants or sedatives will decrease or slow down brain activity by inhibiting the activity of other brain cells, resulting in drowsiness or calm. CNS depressants are commonly prescribed for anxiety and sleep disorders. The most popular abused CNS depressants include Valium, Xanax and sleep medications like Ambien or Lunesta. Stimulants mimic and increase the chemical structures of specific brain neurotransmitters, allowing for messages to be sent to each other. Stimulants are often diagnosed to patients with ADHD and the most popular stimulants include Adderall and Ritalin. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention),† States that 100 people die from drug overdoses every day in the United States. † In 2008 there were 14,800 prescription pain killers death. How to cite Prescription Drug Abuse, Papers

Business Letter Advice

Question: Prepare a business letter to share your advice to a client. You will explain complex financial data and discuss the cause and effect of select accounting transactions has on cash balances. Answer: Business Letter January XX, 2016 (CFOs Name) (Companys Address) (City, ST ZIP Code) Dear Mr. (CFOs surname) In this letter, sound advice is given to the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) of the company on the issue that has led to a constant increase in sales with not much cash to meet the payment needs of vendors and payroll. This is the problem related to cash flow as growing business is known as a cash sponge'. Management of cash flows can be done on basic objectives like investing the surplus to receive a rate of return, accelerating the cash inflows and delaying the cash outflows wherever it could be possible, borrowing cash whenever required and lastly by maintaining an optimum amount of cash that is neither deficient nor excessive (Evans, 2015). The scenario of cash flows decreasing and sales increasing is the factor analysed by the accounts receivable, which is considered an important element in the working capital. The demands of increasing sales in response to inventory, labour costs will take up the extra dollar to see the cash flowing when the sales are rising. Hence, the company needs to invest more in inventory and labour, but receivables rise along with sales. Therefore, there is more reason to be tied up with receivables (Crfonline.org, 2016). The projection of cash flows is involved more if the company extends its credit to its customers. In this, the company should take account of the collection period for accounts receivable. The tied up money in invoices is not for repaying loans or paying bills. Therefore, there is a requirement for the use of pragmatic assessment of what proportion of accounts receivables needs to comprehend according to average collection period, accounts receivables to sales ratio and accoun ts receivable aging schedule in the receipt cycle (Bizfilings.com, 2012). The reports reviewed by the CFO on a daily basis includes cash, accounts receivables and accounts payables. A daily cash flow report should acknowledge all the cash flow events happened during previous business day. There is the requirement to capture cash inflows as receivables and cash inflows/ disbursements, which include payroll checks accounts in accounts payables. Regarding receivables and cash disbursements, the number entered should be positive and negative respectively. The cash balance can be summed up for a day in the equation= Reconciled balance + Total Deposits Total Disbursements (Wilkinson, 2013). The reason to include receivables and payables on a daily basis is that it accounts in the working capital management as asset and liability respectively. Days Payable Outstanding (DPC) per day analyzes accounts payables whereas Days Sales Outstanding (DSO) per day analyzes accounts receivables. Hence, working capital can be increased and checked on reducing the DSO or incre asing the DPO that is holding up payment to vendors and accumulating payments from customers. However, the company always needs to keep business trade-off in mind so that neither early payment discounts are missed out nor company's strict image is formed in front of customers so that they are willing to offer more business (Diffen.com, 2015). Hope the advice provided in form of solution proves to be useful for the company and solves CFOs problem to some extent. Sincerely, (Signature) (Clients Name) References Bizfilings.com, (2012).Analyzing the Factors that Affect Your Cash Flow. [online] Available at: https://www.bizfilings.com/toolkit/sbg/finance/cash-flow/analyzing-cash-flow-factors.aspx [Accessed 6 Jan. 2016]. Crfonline.org, (2016).The Trade Creditor's Guide to the Statement of Cash Flows. [online] Available at: https://www.crfonline.org/orc/cro/cro-10.html [Accessed 6 Jan. 2016]. Diffen.com, (2015).Accounts Payable vs Accounts Receivable - Difference and Comparison | Diffen. [online] Available at: https://www.diffen.com/difference/Accounts_Payable_vs_Accounts_Receivable [Accessed 6 Jan. 2016]. Evans, M. (2015).Excellence in Financial Management. Course 4: Managing Cash Flow. [online] Exinfm.com. Available at: https://www.exinfm.com/training/course04.doc [Accessed 6 Jan. 2016]. Wilkinson, J. (2013).Daily Cash Flow Forecast The Strategic CFO. [online] Strategiccfo.com. Available at: https://strategiccfo.com/wikicfo/daily-cash-flow-forecast/ [Accessed 6 Jan. 2016].

Ptolemy Essays - Ancient Greek Mathematicians, Claudii,

Ptolemy Introduction In ancient times there were many great ideas which began to shape the way man perceived his environment. However, there were few minds who were able to put all of these ideas together. One of these minds belonged to Claudius Ptolemy, or just Ptolemy as he is commonly referred to. We know almost nothing of the chronology of Ptolemy's life, and we don't even know his birth or death dates. We do know, though, about his ideas in several fields, which include geography, astronomy, optics, astrology, music, and other topics. His most profound and lasting contributions came in the fields of geography and astronomy, where his two written works Geography and Almagest dominated the thinking on these subjects throughout ancient times and for many centuries to follow. To geographers, Geography represented a breakthrough in the spatial tradition of geography through Ptolemy's principles on cartography and the maps that were created from this. This will be reviewed as well as other aspects of Ptolemy's work that made him such a respected figure in the history of geography. Astronomy and Almagest It is important to mention the impact that Ptolemy had in the field of astronomy, as it allows us to understand the ideas that he was able to bring to geography. Ptolemy did his astronomical observations in Alexandria, Egypt, and it has been estimated by scholars that his findings were made in 150 AD After recording his observations and analyzing them, he incorporated them into a work that would be called the Almagest, which is a combined Greek and Latin term meaning "the greatest". Almagest is revered as one of the top astronomical works of all time, as it was a thirteen book mathematical treatment of the phenomena of astronomy. It contains a myriad of information ranging from earth conceptions to sun, moon, and star movement as well as eclipses and a breakdown on the length of months. Among his astronomical observations were the idea that the earth did not move, but rather it was the motionless center of the universe with the sun, moon, planets, and stars revolving around it. Another of Ptolemy's ideas was that the planets were closer to the earth than the stars, but farther away than the moon (which is true). These and other ideas were accepted as scientific fact for several centuries following the writing of Almagest. In fact, these ideas weren't changed or corrected until the findings of Copernicus in 1543. Geography Although we don't know if Geography was written before or after Almagest, it remains a trivial side note compared to geographical concepts presented in it that draw the interest of geographers. The introduction to Geography states what Ptolemy wants to accomplish, which includes an explanation of the principles of cartography such as giving coordinates to places around the world and geographic features as well as recommendations for making world and regional maps. He then starts his coverage of the world with Europe in Books 2 and 3. He goes on to cover Africa in Book 4 and covers Asia and summarizes his findings in Books 5-8. Geography included 26 colorized regional maps as well as one map of the "known world". Ptolemy stayed away from orthogonal (or cylindrical) world mapping in favor of three other projection types. He returns to orthogonal projection on some regional maps with dimensions based on mean latitude. The farthest point north on his map was Thule at 63 degrees north, while the farthest point south was the Agysimba and Prasum promontory east of Africa at 16 degrees, 25 minutes south. He measured the north-south length of the known world to be about 7392 kilometers or 4580 miles, while his east-west measurement was about 13,306 kilometers or 8250 miles. Geography held the same respect in the field of geography that Almagest had in astronomy. Geography was regarded as a complete and inerrant document on the subject of geography, and it dominated geographical theory until the Renaissance. The Almagest is now regarded as a better document than Geography scientifically. This is because the application of the concepts presented in Geography was substantially limited, although advances in geography theory were made. Actions After Geography Ptolemy's work has been discovered and used through the ages by several noted people around the world. Arabic writer al-Mas'udi, while writing around 956, mentioned a colored map of the Geography which had 4530 cities and over 200 mountains. Byzantine monk Maximus Planudes found a copy of the Geography in 1295, and since there were no maps in his copy, he

Critical Evaluation of Three Journal Articles on the Effects of Imprisonment The WritePass Journal

Critical Evaluation of Three Journal Articles on the Effects of Imprisonment Critical Evaluation of Three Journal Articles on the Effects of Imprisonment This review will seek to establish the extent of the pro-social attributes offenders possess, and how these can be of use to the rehabilitation process. Offenders’ strengths have received relatively little attention in the literature, but strengths-based approaches show promising signs for criminal desistance, and as such deserve investigation. The first article under consideration (Aresti, Eatough and Brooks-Gordon, 2010) investigates reformed ex-offenders experiences in the community following release from prison. The study particularly sought to map the underlying psychological change, which comes with lasting desistance from crime. The findings were that criminal desistance seemed to be facilitated by a change to a pro-social identity and the attainment of meaningful employment. The change in identity was typically a positive experience, although participants struggled against their label of ex-offender when establishing this new place in society for themselves. They typic ally explained their past offending behaviour using whatever seems most plausible to them, such as mental illness or drug abuse, and thus distanced themselves from the offending behaviour. Participants were five male ex-offenders, who took part in semi-structured interviews. This method would also uncover specific subjective nuances conveyed by ex-prisoners about what caused them to fully embrace an identity shift. Although the sample size was very small, and extensive data obtained from five people can hardly be used to speculate on ubiquitous effects. Inclusion criteria were implemented to ensure that the participants had sufficiently similar experience of criminal justice and shared a motivational drive to reform. This strategy eliminates confounding variables but limits the applicability of findings to the group best described by the attributes of the participants. Aresti et al. (2010) filled an essential gap in the literature by addressing the experiences of reformed ex-prisoners in particular. The selection of this group is a good choice as developing a timeline of their reformation could assist in identifying factors which are conducive to causing offenders to re-assess their lives and make a qualitative change in their attitude towards society. Although it does not have the empirical specificity than quantitative research can provide; effect sizes and objective causal antecedents cannot be established. But subjective interpretations of the ex-prisoners involved gives research into this field a more human voice, aiding empathy and understanding which may ultimately help in the effort to reform more offenders. McMurran, Theodosi, Sweeney and Sellen (2008) examine the self-reported motivations and goals of currently incarcerated prisoners, a strategy which could prove useful as it can identify what offenders believe they need in order to reform at the crucial period during which their future offending behaviour is still in question. By identifying what prisoners want out of life, intervention strategies can be better informed to use this source of motivation to rehabilitate them. The method used was again qualitative, which was appropriate for in-depth understanding of prisoners’ aspirations. The paper brings in a relatively fresh perspective focusing on offender strengths and propensities to reform. Risk and needs-based models of criminogenic factors have been criticised for concentrating too much on offenders’ deficits and negative influences in their lives rather than their strengths and positive goals. McMurran et al. (2008) suggest that prisoners actually want what professionals on rehabilitation believe they need. But perhaps their present circumstances (incarceration) are causing them to assess their lives in this way, and upon release they will change their tone, or they could equally be expressing what they believe the authorities want to hear. This is a bias which profoundly impairs the validity of the findings. These papers advocate a strengths-based resettlement of prisoners following release rather than risk-oriented strategies. Subsequently, research must be reviewed on the effectiveness of strengths-based approaches to rehabilitate and address the concerns of ex-prisoners in the community. The obstacles facing practical implementation of such approaches including conflict with the prevalent risk-based policies must also be considered. Therefore the third paper in this review will be Burnett and Maruna (2006). This paper makes some excellent points on the potential of strengths-based approaches to endow ex-offenders with a sense of purposeful responsibility, which can help to enact a cognitive restructuring towards a pro-social belief system (Toch, 2000). Prominent in Burnett and Maruna (2006) is the empirical evidence; in particular a case study of a project in HMP Springhill in which prisoners were employed at a Citizens’ Advice Bureau (Burnett and Maruna, 2004). There were marked benefits for offenders; evidence for this was acquired via interviews, observations and surveys gauging public opinion, employed as an imprecise measure of prejudice against prisoners. The findings confirmed that the most important impact was on their social identity. As in Aresti et al. (2010) this was attributed in part to a reduction in both the fear of rejection and the dismay at lost opportunities owing to the offender label. This article also brings up an important effect that prisoners experience; the suppression of personal characteristics and social withdrawal while incarcerated. The re-emergence of individual personality and realisation of the self in a more pro-social light is stressed as perhaps the best indicator of sustained desistance from crime (Farrall and Maruna, 2004). Burnett and Maruna (2006) add to this that rehabilitation programs can best help prisoners by offering ‘helper’ roles in the community, and allow the input of prisoners in selecting volunteer jobs to maximise their feeling of responsibility and earning their place in society, as well as cultivating their new persona as caring and helpful. Criticisms of Burnett and Maruna (2006) have to include that the empirical evidence comes largely form only a single case study, limiting applicability. Also only the lowest risk offenders were allowed to participate in the program, arguably higher risk offenders would not be affected in the same way. Indeed this whole approach may only be useful for prisoners who are most willing to reform (and hence are lower risk) since inherently prisoners have to agree to the work and associate meaningfully with it. Ultimately, the recommendations for the criminal justice system based on these papers is that prisoners must be seen as resources capable of contributing to society, and opportunities must be presented for prisoners to develop a new pro-social identity and hone their individual skills. Stigma, labelling and the risk-assessment culture are huge obstacles to this, and the trust bestowed on prisoners participating in community programs must not be dissolved too eagerly as this threatens to fracture the new pro-social identity. In conclusion, although there are limitations of these articles including vague measurement tools and limited applicability, the identification of encouragement of offenders’ strengths could prove beneficial for some prisoners, but perhaps only those designated as low risk. References Aresti, A., Eatough, V. and Brooks-Gordon, B. (2010) Doing time after time: an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of reformed ex-prisoners experiences of self-change, identity and career opportunities.  Psychology, Crime Law, 16(3), 169-190 Burnett, R. and Maruna, S. (2004) Prisoners as Citizens’ Advisers: The OxCAB–Springhill Partnership and Its Wider Implications. London: Esm ´ee Fairbairn Foundation Burnett, R. and Maruna, S. (2006) The kindness of prisoners Strengths-based resettlement in theory and in action.  Criminology and Criminal Justice,  6(1), 83-106 Farrall, S. and Maruna, S. (2004) Desistance†Focused Criminal Justice Policy Research: Introduction to a Special Issue on Desistance from Crime and Public Policy.  The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice,  43(4), 358-367 McMurran, M., Theodosi, E., Sweeney, A. and Sellen, J. (2008) What do prisoners want? Current concerns of adult male prisoners.  Psychology, Crime Law,  14(3), 267-274 Toch, H. (2000) Altruistic Activity as Correctional Treatment. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 44(3), 270–278

Assessment of a New Emerging Market-Free-Sample for Students

The trade of timber is one of the most important trades in Indonesia. Indonesia’s forest products such timber and other related products comprises 10% of the country’s GDP. Indonesia used to contribute 70% of the plywood industry in the world during the year 1980. But from then there can be seen a declining trend in the exports. The figure came down from $3.6 Billion to $2 billion in the year 2000. The decline is due to some of the aggressive policies that are being taken by the government against exports of timber. Timber or forest product industry is one of the major revenue generators for Indonesia The business market of Indonesia is one amongst the biggest business market in the world. It is projected in accordance to the economic growth that by 2030 it will become 7 th largest economy in the world. The country of Indonesia has a GDP of 932 billion as recorded in the year 2016. It ranks in 8 th position based on the purchase power parity. The economy of Indonesia is growing at a rate of 5% every year since from the last decade. The country has sound macroeconomic policies and a huge population of youth that has a growing domestic demand have promising future ahead. The government has announced a number of reforms or policies in order to push the economic condition of the country. The reforms are expected to improve the business condition of the country. The GDP per capita of the country is $3604 which is more than many of the Asian countries. The country has the world’s fourth largest middle income group people with 17.3 households as in the year 2014. (Larson et al, 2016). The country has developed a plan for the next 20 years. In the next twenty years the country wants to make development and changes. There plan starts from the year 2005 and will last till the year 2025. The main focus of the country is its economy and other reforms. The country is looking forward to strengthen its infrastructure and they also came up with other development programmed to develop its educational and healthcare sector of the country. The reform which are being taken by the country are extremely beneficial for the people who are in the below poverty level (Lustig, N 2016). The country is currently facing the problem of the slower pace of creation of jobs for the people 1.7 million person join jobs each and it is problem for the country to create jobs. The total population of the country is around 253 million out of that 28 million people live under the line of poverty. The government is trying their level best to reduce the poverty level but from the last few days this speed has reduced. The poverty level which was getting reduced by 1% each and every ever is now reduced to 0.3% (Aguiar, Narayanan and McDougall, 2016). The government of the country has come up with reforms regarding the reduction of poverty level and betterment of the public services. The public services include transportation, health, education etc. a huge stress has been given by the government in regard to the health care sector of the country. The health care sector has made many advances so there is an improved and modern health care unit so as to provide health care services. The gap between the poor and the rich is relevant in Indonesia and the government is trying to reduce this gap. The health care in the country suffered a lot. It is said that 103 children in 1, 00,000 die in Indonesia which is a very high alarming number and reforms are being taken to reduce this high maternal death. Out of 3 every 1 child suffers health condition such as problems of growth and brain development. The problem in the youth results in problem of the growth of the country. As it is know that youth is the future of our country and it is through youth that we bring changes and new reforms in the country (Otoo et al 2014). If the youth of the country is not strong enough then it is bad sign for the country. The government of Indonesia is trying to cope up these challenges and they had been pretty successful regarding controlling these problems.   In order to strengthen the economy of the country the government has brought new reforms they have opened up sectors for differ ent kinds of investment and thus this will reduce high logistics that they may had been facing in the past. The economy of Indonesia is rising it is making great progress so the investors around the world seeing this great opportunity. The country has become a great place for foreign direct investment from around the world. After India and china Indonesia is the third major country if consider its economy. As we know that the country is the world’s tenth most populated country and the world’s third largest democratic country. If we look at the export of Indonesia, in that case we will see that the country is one of the largest exporter of thermal coal and also the exporter of palm oil. These are products of high value and they fetch high revenue from the foreign countries. The most important thing about the economy of the country is that it relies on itself. The economy does not rely on other countries. In one word it can be said that the country is self sufficient, it is a great advantage for the country. When a country is self sufficient, in that case the country does not require the help of other countries in case of importing products that means the country produces most of the products (Otoo et al, 2015). Right at the moment Indonesia is standing at a situation where it is a key point of the country where it is making a transition for the betterment for the country. The growing from small economy to a larger economy, the country was a primary producer of the products such as coal and palm oil and now has become one of the largest producers of in the world. The country has opened a window for the investors.    The country’s economy is one of the fastest in the world and its growing at a rapid speed. This economy brings in great opportunity to investment. There is a huge opportunity for foreign direct investment within the country (Ozawa, T 2014).The analyst have made an assumption that Indonesia will grow as a very large and stable economy in the future though the country is facing some issues such as corruption and bureaucratic issues that is restraining the country from 360 degree modernization but still the country has every possible opportunity to grow. One of the main issues is the poor infrastructure and not qualified human resources which are not contributing towards its growth. The country has all the resources needed to rule the economy of the world in the future but it is to be guided in a way such that it can be made possible (Ikein, A.A 2017). The government of Indonesia is proactive and they have come up with numerous numbers of reforms which will help in foreign direct investment. Although the corruption remains a big issue which needs to be handled for better growth Due to the large population of Indonesia the market is very vast and dynamic and the FDI will help the country to fulfill its need and thereby providing growth for the country by improving its economy. Thanks to a large population and FDI inflow, Brazil’s potential for growth is extremely high. There is a substantial trend of a growing middle-class and the gap between the rich and poor is declining steadily. Additionally, the Central Bank has successfully reduced the risk of currency devaluation and has also brought inflation under control. However, when it comes to the dollar, the currency is considered to be overvalued, which is adversely affecting the exports of the country There are a number of people who live under the line of poverty and with the help of FDI the economic condition of the country will improve. The country has huge number of youth who have demands and wants that can be fulfilled by the FDI by giving them the opportunity for employment and a better standard of living. The country is good at technology. The maximum part of the population of Indonesia is under the age of 30 and they are technologically savvy. So with the flowing of foreign direct investment, the country can utilize its human resource to generate revenue which will help in improving the condition of the country The country of Indonesia is rich in natural resources. The natural resources that are being produced are petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver. The natural resources of the country will attract foreign investment more in comparison to the countries with fewer natural resources. This helps to give a competitive edge over other countries which may have few amounts of natural resources. It also opens the door for multinational companies to exploit the situation and do business in the country which will help the country in economic growth. The natural resources create more option and helps in growth of the economy. In Indonesia the one fourth of the manufacturing production was accounted by FDI during the period of 1990s. The Foreign direct investment created employment and developed the support of the suppliers and transferred technology. It also helped in generating more tax revenue for the government of Indonesia but it had a problem regarding the balance of payment. It impacted negatively on balance payment and it also caused continuous deficit in relation to manufacturing goods. Though FDI can help and bring positive changes in number of sectors and so it is not to be restricted. It can create technological advancement, help in growth of the economy, Improve the infrastructure of the country and thereby helping in overall growth of the company. These policies or reform that is being taken by the country are causing hindrance in its growth. The ban on raw material exports is one of the biggest problems the country is currently facing. The restriction of retail sales of liquor and they have also proposed a ban on sales of liquor in the parliament which is contributing in the decline of the economy. The country is high in natural resources. It is blessed with natural minerals. It is one of the largest thermal coal exporters in the world. The country is blessed mineral resources. They are the largest exporter of tin in the world (Dunning, J.H 2014). The coal that is found in Indonesia is low in sculpture which is good in nature and it can be found very close to the surface which makes it very easy to extract. Thereby the cost of extraction of the coal is very little in comparison to other countries where the coal can be found deep below the soil, where the extraction cost gets very high. Apart from coal Indonesia has great deposits of gold and silver which thereby makes it very rich in minerals (Visor et al, 2015). As there are active volcanoes in the country, the soil of Indonesia is very fertile and has many deposits which is high in natural minerals there by making the country high in natural resources. Apart from this Indonesia is situated in such an area that it helps them t o generate renewable energy. As the soil is extremely fertile in nature it helps to cultivate commodities of high value such as palm oil, coffee and rubber. These products are exported to different parts of the world and they fetch great revenue for the country. The country is trying to be as self-sufficient as possible thereby reducing their import and increasing their export so that they increase their revenue earning and gives away less revenue (Cairns and Slew, 2017). The country has large number of population and youth that can drive the country to a new economic height. The country has around a population of around 250 million and its growing every day. In the year 2009 the country has seen a growth of 4.9 % in gross domestic production, which is a substantial growth. As the country is self sufficient and most of the need of the country is fulfilled by the products of its own, in that case the country is fewer dependants on other. This will help the country in time of economic crisis. In case of any kind of economic cries faced by the world, in that case it won’t affect much on Indonesia (He et al, 2015). As the country achieves new growth each and every day the manufacturer in the country plays a greater role in satisfying the needs of the people. With the increase in gross domestic production and economy of the country the income level of the people of the country will also increase and this is a very positive point for the people who are in the middle income group or people who reside below the poverty level or lower income group (Hill and Kohpaiboon, 2017).The country will need to start production of the products which it is not producing currently at this moment such as smart phones or other technological products. The youth of the country is becoming technologically savvy and the manufacturing industry is also trying to understand the trend within the population of the country and acting accordingly (Nasution,   2014.). It is great news that more than 50% of the total population of the country is youth which is under the age of 30, which is great news for the country. Having a large base of youth for the country is very advantageous, this youth is technologically very upgraded which is a very important for the country. So the future of the country is promising unlike china where the percentage of the youth is very little as most of the population is aged due to their one child policy. The aim of Indonesia is change the economic condition of the country by the year 2030 and they have taken measures accordingly. They are making changes in their technological sectors, there workforce and also in their production. This will help in the transition of the economy of the country. If they will have a better workforce which is skilled and a manufacturing sector which is advanced and can fulfill the needs of the country, in that case they can achieve the economic growth they are looking for (He, 2015). The country has faced many political changes and transformation in the past years. The country is now the rule of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, who is the first Indonesian president who is elected by voting. The country has evolved in relation to the politics. They have a new and mature political structure, with the democratic rule the country has become more matured where each and every member of the country has a personal opinion, which that person can keep forward through his or her voting right. The political condition of the country has become much stable in nature. This political stability will help the country towards its economic growth (Bhat, 2017). Foreign direct investment will help the country in utilizing huge human resources which comprises a big number of youth. It will also bring in new technology which will create an advancement and growth in terms of technology. The economic condition of the country will get better. It will create jobs which help the individuals of the country in increasing their standard of living. Indonesia is a very rich country in terms of neural resources may that be coal, petroleum or timber and other resources but still they will need foreign direct investment, which can support the economic condition of the country and develop the economic condition of the people of the country. It will help the number of people living under the line of poverty to lead a life with better standard and economic condition. Aguiar, A., Narayanan, B. and McDougall, R., 2016. An overview of the GTAP 9 data base.  Journal of Global Economic Analysis,  1(1), pp.181-208. Bhat, M.G., 2017. Trade related intellectual property rights for genetic resources: Implications for developing countries. Cairns, G. and Sliwa, M., 2017.  A very short, fairly interesting and reasonably cheap book about international business. Sage. Dunning, J.H., 2014.  The Globalization of Business (Routledge Revivals): The Challenge of the 1990s. Routledge. He, J., 2015. Chinese public policy on fisheries subsidies: Reconciling trade, environmental and food security stakes.  Marine Policy,  56, pp.106-116. He, Q., Fang, H., Wang, M. and Peng, B., 2015. Trade liberalization and trade performance of environmental goods: evidence from Asia-Pacific economic cooperation members.  Applied Economics,  47(29), pp.3021-3039. Hill, H. and Kohpaiboon, A., 2017. 10 ‘Policies for industrial progress’, not ‘industry policy’.  Production Networks in Southeast Asia, p.202. Ikein, A.A., 2017. Nigeria oil & external exposure: the crude gains and crude pains of crude export dependence economy.  The Business & Management Review,  8(4), p.396. Larson, H.J., de Figueiredo, A., Xiahong, Z., Schulz, W.S., Verger, P., Johnston, I.G., Cook, A.R. and Jones, N.S., 2016. The state of vaccine confidence 2016: global insights through a 67-country survey.  EBioMedicine,  12, pp.295-301. Lustig, N., 2016. Inequality and Fiscal Redistribution in Middle Income Countries: Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Indonesia, Mexico, Peru and South Africa.  Journal of Globalization and Development,  7(1), pp.17-60. Nasution, A. ed., 2014.  Macroeconomic Policies in Indonesia: Indonesia Economy Since the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997. Routledge. Otoo, N., Awittor, E., Marquez, P. and Saleh, K., 2014. Universal Health Coverage for Inclusive and Sustainable Development: Country Summary Report for Ghana. Otoo, N., Awittor, E., Marquez, P. and Saleh, K., 2015. Universal Health Coverage for Boyer, R., 2016. Renewal of the diversity of capitalisms, tipping in international relations.  The Rejuvenation of Political Economy,  207, p.216. Ozawa, T., 2014.  Multinationalism, Japanese style: The political economy of outward dependency. Princeton University Press. Visser, M., Pisa, N.M., Kleynhans, E.P.J. and Wait, R., 2015. Identifying the comparative advantage of products and industries of South Africa’s Mpumalanga province.  Southern African Business Review,  19(2), pp.27-50

Response Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 20

Response - Assignment Example The CEO’s meeting with Jose in Las Vegas is, indeed an educative experience. Jose displays a positive behavior one that workers should emulate when inducting new employees in the firm. Firm but fair; Jose introduces Kim to various roles, some of which do not befit a manager according to Kim. Interestingly, Jose would not hire Kim, and Kim learns that he is growing older by the day after finding some of the simplest tasks somewhat challenging. The outcome of this interaction teaches leaders that they should respect the work done by junior employees. They should set goals while considering workers’ varied abilities. At times, a manager must realize that the tasks they allocate need special expertise and should recognize the input of the workers. Kim is utterly defeated to undertake the cashier job and has to compensate the customers for the time wasted, and he learns a lot. Just like Kim, contemporary managers should notice the significant input of their workers. The fact that Carrie the director of operations does deliveries accentuates the enormous input of the personnel. After all the challenges he faced, and learning about the staunch sacrifices some of the staff has to make to deliver excellent performance to the company, Kim’s life is completely changed. Encouraged by the events, he resorts to rewarding good work by giving the four employees congratulatory incentives. Therefore, once in a while, company bosses ought to casually interact with the staff. This way, they not only have to appreciate the increasing financial figures, but also learn to recognize the individuals behind those

MGT 501 Mod 2 Case assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

MGT 501 Mod 2 Case assignment - Essay Example The most notable of the report is that not even Facebook or Apple made it to the list. Google has committed human resource team whose only job is to work on keeping employees happy. Irrespective of such extreme attention on the retention policies, Google still loses their workforce to Facebook or other bigger companies. But, the employee turnover rate of Google is comparatively less than that of the rival companies. For an organization, it is not just important that they have clear mission and goals. It is also important that they reach at all levels of the organization. This is exactly what we will analyze with the case of Google’s ranking. The difference in Google compared to that of other companies is that the employees are equally aware about the mission and goals of the company while in many other companies it is just the top management that are aware about the mission. In Google, the employees strive towards achieving the organizational goals. The work and leisure enviro nment at Google is considered to be the best in the industry. The essay will begin by analyzing how the job satisfaction and motivation of people at Google are influenced by its corporate values and goals concerning employees, customers and business. The essay will finally conclude by suggesting whether this business model can be adopted by every organization or not. Corporate Values and Goals Values and Goals Concerning Employees: â€Å"A company with employees aligned on goals for the future is able to reach those accomplishments faster.† (Frost, 2013) The same is true in the case of Google. Google’s value and goals concerning the employees are one of the best in the industry. Google’s values consist of 10 things that the company charted in the initial years of formation of the company. The company still holds on to those 10 values. The one point that focuses on employee values is ‘You can be serious without a suit.’ (Google, 2013a) Google’ s approach to employees is unlike the traditional organizations. Google believes that work should be fun for the employees. Google’s work culture is employee friendly compared to many other organizations. In fact, Google believes that it is the proper work culture that brings out the best from an employee. Google values the ability of the employees over their experience. For proper employee motivation and job satisfaction, the freedom to share opinions and ideas is very much essential. In Google, each and every employee gets the opportunity to be a significant contributor to the objectives of the organization. They have good say in the objectives of the organization. At the weekly meetings, employees have the freedom to shoot questions even to Larry and Sergey. It is not just the monetary benefits that motivate an employee. Almost all theories related to motivation and job satisfaction says that participation of employees in decision making will lead to higher employee motiva tion. (Ezinearticles, 2013) Similarly, a good work culture is also essential in job satisfaction and improving employee morale. This theory holds true in the case of Google. Due to its extreme focus on enabling an employee friendly work culture, Google was able to be ranked as one of the best companies to work for. It also has one of the

South African Investment Essay Example for Free

South African Investment Essay In the late 1970’s and early 1980’s, Caltex (an affiliate oil refinery of Texaco and SoCal) started their operations in South Africa. In this paper, I will identify and explain the benefits and the negatives as to why Caltex should build there plant in South Africa. I will also discuss how I would vote on three of the resolutions made by the stockholder’s as well as discuss how the managers of Texaco and SoCal should have responded. Finally, I will address the management responsibilities as it relates to this case. Utilitarian benefits of building the Caltex plant in 1977 When Texaco and SoCal decided to build there refinery plant, Caltex, in South Africa in 1977, there was much to consider. First of all, the South Africa was ruled by government upheld apartheid legislation. According to the textbook, Business Ethics: Concepts and Cases, the apartheid system, â€Å"deprived the entire Black population of all political and civil rights: They could not vote, could not hold political office, could not unionize, and had no right to freedom of assembly,† (Velasquez, p. 8). Despite this obstacle, Caltex was built and began operations. Caltex believed that by opening operations in South Africa they could provide the people with some economic opportunities that they could not have if they did not. According to the case study, â€Å"the managements of both Texaco and SoCal argued that Caltex was committed to improving the economic working conditions of its black employees and their continued pre sence in South Africa did not constitute and ‘endorsement’ of South Africa’s ‘policies’,† (para. 5). By declaring that there presence in South Africa was in no way evident in support with the government policies, Caltex gave the impression of a utilitarianism approach. According to the textbook, utilitarianism is â€Å"a general term for any view that holds that actions and policies should be evaluated on the basis of the benefits and costs they will impose on society,† (Velasquez, p. 61). Caltex upheld the belief that the benefits they provide to its employees outweigh the fact that they are conducting business in an oppressed nation. In my opinion, I think that that the benefits outweighed the negatives. Even though the South African government was morally wrong for oppressing the majority of its citizens, Caltex brought an opportunity to the region that had the promise of not only economic promise for the organization, but also the opportunity to show the people of South Africa what it is like to be equal and not discriminated. Also, there presence no doubt brought on political change and opened the eyes to the other nations of the world as to the oppression present in South Africa. If I were a stockholder in Texaco or Standard Oil Despite of all the benefits and the promises that Caltex could have provided to the people in South Africa, the shareholders still encouraged management to withdraw their operations from South Africa. As a result, the stockholders proposed three resolutions to which they would vote on and decide the future of Caltex’s operations in South Africa. The first resolution (A) was asking Caltex to terminate its operations in South Africa. The second (B) asked Caltex not to sell to the military or police of South Africa. The last resolution (C) asked Caltex to implement the Tutu principles. I believe that as a shareholder invested in my company, I would want to portray us as a responsible organization that will work with the host country to find a common ground rather than be charged with a serious crime. C. FAVOR. Tutu’s principles are something that I would definitely be in favor for. According to the case study, Bishop Tutu’s principles â€Å"outlined several conditions of the investment which would enable Caltex and other U. S. companies to make such a ‘positive contribution to improving economic and social opportunities’,† (para. 4). These principles would be exactly what I would like my company to portray because they contribute to human rights and equal opportunities to all races. Manager’s responses In regards to the resolutions proposed by the stockholders, I believe the manager’s responses should be as follows: A. The manager’s should have also not been in favor of this resolution. In this case, the manage ment needs to consider that the utilitarian benefits do actually outweigh the negatives and oppression the South African government has over its citizens. B. The manager’s responses to this resolution should be weighed very carefully. Even though they may not agree with the practices of the government and may think they are an aid to unwanted practices, they still need to consider there reputation and the consequences that can result from not being cooperative. In my opinion, the manager’s should have responded by communicating the need to work with the government to their stakeholders as well as find some type of resolution with the government. C. The management should embrace the Tutu principles. If the management is really dedicated to the ideals and principles of their institution then they should know that these principles are about the people and their well-being. They should make any adjustments necessary to make sure the principles are upheld. Management responsibilities (i. e. , duties) In my opinion, I believe the management of a company does have the responsibility beyond ensuring a high return for its stockholders. In this case, the responsibility of the management is to make sure that the principles and business ethics that they have developed as an organization is upheld at all costs. Just because the stockholders wanted to see their company disassociate themselves from a country that they did not see as ideal, it is still imperative that the management stick to there own ideals and principles regardless of where they are. On the other hand, I do not believe that the management of a company should look primarily to the law and to the rate of return on its investment as the ultimate criteria for deciding what investments it should make. Companies should always consider the economical and social circumstances in the region to which they decide to invest their company. Conclusion This paper outlined why I believe the utilitarian benefits outweighed the negative circumstances for the building of Caltex in South Africa. I have also provided my own views as to what I would do if I were a stockholder in the company as well as what the manager’s should have done in response to the resolutions. Finally, I gave my point of view as to what the manager’s responsibilities are when dealing with stockholders and investments. Caltex was in a difficult place as they had to deal with their stockholders and the government of South Africa in order to conduct their business, but the most important thing they had was the opportunity to show the oppressed people of South Africa what it was like to be an equal member of an institution.

Writing Persuasive or Argumentative Essays :: Writing an Essay

In persuasive or argumentative writing, we try to convince others to agree with our facts, share our values, accept our argument and conclusions, and adopt our way of thinking. Elements toward building a good persuasive essay include * establishing facts to support an argument * clarifying relevant values for your audience (perspective) * prioritizing, editing, and/or sequencing the facts and values in importance to build the argument * forming and stating conclusions * "persuading" your audience that your conclusions are based upon the agreed-upon facts and shared values * having the confidence to communicate your "persuasion" in writing Here are some strategies to complete a persuasive writing assignment: Write out the questions in your own words. * Think of the questions posed in the assignment while you are reading and researching. Determine o facts o any sources that will help you determine their reliability (as well as for further reference) o what

Chemistry †Factors Affecting Electrochemical Cells Essay

How do the changeable electrodes of different reactivity affect the energy in Volts measured by a Voltmeter while the Solution and the Salt Bridge stay constant for every single trial by the same amount in each beaker? Background Theory: The conductance of an electrolyte depends upon the number of ions present in the solution. Therefore, the greater the number of ions in the solution the greater is the conductance. The number of ions produced by an electrolyte depends upon its nature. The strong electrolytes dissociate almost completely into ions in solutions and, therefore, their solutions have high conductance. On the other hand, weak electrolytes dissociate to only small extents and give lesser number of ions. Therefore, the solutions of weak electrolytes have low conductance. Electrolyte is any substance containing free ions that makes the substance electrically conductive. Ionic Solutions are the most common, but molten electrolytes and solid electrolytes are also possible. Hypothesis: As the Electrodes in the constant Sodiumsulfate solution varies after each trial, the electrolyte with the highest difference of reactivity should result the highest Voltage. The understanding behind this theory is the following. The used electrodes are in a specific order of reactivity. Therefore the element on top of the list (potassium) should react most and the element on bottom (copper) least. If both are used together in an electrochemical cell, this should more reactive than other elements (electrodes, such as zinc, calcium, aluminium and†¦). With a higher reactivity rate, the voltage also increases because of the number of ions released which related to a greater conductance. Apparatus †¢2 Beakers (50ml) †¢Salt bridge (0.1 concentration) (KNO3) †¢Solution ïÆ'   (MgSO4) †¢Voltmeter

Biographical/Historical Influences Essay

Frankenstein, also known as ‘The Modern Prometheus’, is written by a British author Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin – Shelley during her teens. The novel’s theme is leavened with a few characteristics of Gothic and Romanticism. Based on â€Å"Frankenstein, Or, The Modern Prometheus† (Shelley), the title is alluded to an inventor, Victor Frankenstein, who has an ability to create life of a man whom he calls ‘monster’ afterwards. Moreover, the long arguments with regard to the significance and originality of the story always come along the way; thus, this paper unfolds the real essence of the story—what does it signify for the modern readers; and how do words of the story flow along with the connotations; its influences and so on. Given the list of influences and/or events from Mary Shelley’s life, it becomes quite easy to identify and distinguish how these impacts have prospered to the entire conception of the novel. One of the influences concern the arguments of his father, Godwin in Political Justice, in which he argues that decisions made concerning who lives and dies should be made by those scientists and doctors that are completely impartial. In addition, the impacts of Godwin’s pieces of writing in Shelley’s philosophical thoughts become undeniable, indeed. Her father created a certain philosophy in which the presence of responsibility is inevitable: â€Å"The true perfection of man was to attain, as nearly as possible, to the perfectly voluntary state; that we ought to be, upon all occasions, prepared to render a reason of our actions; and should remove ourselves to the furthest distance, from the state of mere inanimate machines, acted upon by causes of which they have no understanding,† (â€Å"Political Justice 2: 519-528,† Godwin). Hence, as an analysis of the entire view, it becomes quite easy to determine all the responsibilities, which are accountable for every individual’s behavior such as those of Frankenstein. One of the impacts that should also be acknowledged is that which concerns her father’s disapprobation of the rise of technology; stating that its existence would diminish the need for human beings to cooperate with each other—making it less and less necessary to work together. In other words, such a view concerns dealing with reliability on the information technology: â€Å"Responsibility in the contemporary world and with the awesome power of technology which may be used for good or evil has changed. We cannot evade the responsibility that comes with this change — the responsibility to use technology wisely, not only for the sake of our patients but also for the sake of the future. In a sense, we need to be able to foretell the future, to re-enunciate norms and standards as substitutes for the norms and standards left behind by technology. If we fail to do this, the future is bleak,† (Loewy). In other words, development of the high and sophisticated technologies may bring a number of troubles in various means, as seen in the Frankenstein’s work. Moreover, the creation of the novel also comes along with an influence concerning Mary Wollstonecraft (Shelley’s mother) who refers Frankenstein to Prometheus who attempts to give the power of the gods to humanity. In her novel, the appearance of the ‘monster’ is a scientific blame in which the creature dares to imitate God: â€Å"Nature in every thing demands respect, and those who violate her laws seldom violate them with impunity,† (â€Å"Vindication of the Rights of Woman,† Wollstonecraft). Hence, the laws of nature should make the boundaries of everyone’s behavior; Victor Frankenstein surpasses such boundaries like the new sophisticated technologies. Cited Works Loewy, Erich. â€Å"Textbook of Medical Ethics. † NY: Plenum Medical Book Company, 1989, p. 69 â€Å"Political Justice. † bilkent. edu. February 2, 2009. Shelley, Mary. â€Å"Frankenstein, Or, The Modern Prometheus. † Broadview Press Edition 2. Eds. David Lorne Macdonald and Kathleen Dorothy Scherf. Melbourne, Australia: The University of Melbourne, 1999. 364 pp Wollstonecraft, Mary. â€Å"Vindication of the Rights of Woman† pp 138-139. sa

Population demographic for australia Essay Example

Population demographic for australia Essay Example Population demographic for australia Essay Population demographic for australia Essay Australia has become the 52nd most populous country in the world. Population Demographics and its diversity have played a key role in shaping the very foundations of todays culture. This can be seen through the transparencies of our local communities and the different profiles that co-exist within. This critical review will examine the population demographics of the Fairfield City Council. Through a number of sources including; (Fairfield a history of the District, Geographical Research- implications for Australia cities and region, Fairfield Aged Services Survey and Fairfield City- the Community profile) this report will identify the existing frameworks of the current scene outlined in those sources, whilst also evaluating the strengths and weakness of the articles themselves. Summary- The first piece of article being reviewed is the Geographical review released from the 2010 Intergenerational report (IGRP). The paper analyses the current trends and likely directions in the population and distribution and the major implications from the nations metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas, relating directly the Fairfield city area. Further to this, it also isolates and pinpoints the cause the growth is based solely and driven by the effects and causes of immigration. This is clearly shown through the ethnic diversity in the Fairfield area. McGuire and Argent (2011) Journal article further represents this. It states that 80% of the population within Fairfield is ethnic including languages of Spanish, Arabic/Assyrian, Vietnamese and English. Secondly, the Fairfield city- Community Profile released biblically on the Fairfield city council website outlines the statistics associated with the diverse population of the Fairfield city area. The Fairfield City Community Profile provides demographic analysis for the city and its suburbs based on results from the 2011, 2001, 1996, and 1991 censuses of Population. Conducted by the council, the research divides Fairfield city into smaller areas of representation and subsequently the different ethnicities, age and gender within those areas. Thirdly, the publication of Vance Georges Fairfield A History of the District was written based upon the early researches conducted in the sasss, where he accepted commission from the Fairfield City Council to examine the dynamics of the Fairfield local government. Interviews were lead to analyses the recordings of citizens of their memories within the district. In addition to this, Vance George started to write newspaper articles about Fairfield history and complied a series of notes for those seeking information about the areas past, or for students undertaking local history projects. The common theme behind all his works, proudly claim that Fairfield has the highest migrant population of any local government area in the nation, with the largest Italian, Yugoslavian and South-East communities in Australia. Finally, the Aged Services survey was commissioned and funded by the State Library of NEWS grant to discover why elder immigrant use the library less than others and how education can be increased. In an Australian and possible the worlds first the survey explored the behavior of library and non-library users in three different languages: Assyrian/Arabic , Spanish and Vietnamese. Written by income, behavioral and attitude characteristics of each demographic groups and suggestions in approving further assimilating policies within the community. Lastly, the survey shows that the 193,000 population can be broken down into three group Arabic/Assyrian, Spanish and Vietnamese. Critique- Through a sound analysis the evidence gained has identified that the population geographic of Fairfield city is a multicultural and diverse region. All four sources point out that the demographic of Fairfield is populated by immigrants from regions of the world which consist of three major groups; these groups are of Spanish, Assyrian/Arabic and Vietnamese backgrounds. The difference between all these sources is that they dont identify specific characteristics of the groups involved. The sources are not consistent with information regarding age, gender and the number of individuals that are Australian born with parents born abroad. The main ideas to why all the sources were written are to show Fairfield city as the most diversely populated region in Australia. The main aspects covered by the sources include information regarding the matter of surveys being conducted throughout the Fairfield region on how it has always been culturally diverse region. Throughout surveys conducted the information obtained has lead us to believe that it has always been a very cultural region, these surveys where done from the asses towards late 2011. Sampling is done usually because it is impossible to test every single individual in the population. It is also done to save time, money and effort while conducting the research. The sampling used by the researchers provided helps the readers to understand clearly that they have used probability sampling. Probability sampling makes sure that the reader understands that the survey conducted allowed every individual in the population have equal chance of being selected as a subject for the research, this was done so that the information obtained was as accurate as possible. The sources provided clearly show through this method they have achieved their goal of trying to show diversity inside of the Fairfield city region. Population geography is one of the most data-rich fields in the discipline. This is because most communities conduct comprehensive censuses around every ten years; this is shown in the sources provided. These contain such information as gender, age and ethnic background. In the examples provided the Fairfield city council conducted surveys between 1970 to 2011. This data is maintained by the Fairfield council and Australian Government. Population data is also available through government documents like birth and death certificates. Governments, universities and private organizations also ark to conduct different surveys and studies to gather data about population specifics and behavior that could be related to topics in population geography. As a resident of Fairfield city, I can concur with the data being provided to readers that it is convincing because all the different types of data provided in different sources provide information of the same nature. All the sources data within tables and graphs is very similar and there are no major differences within the numbers provided in their research. Conclusion- diverse in terms of different cultures living in one sector of the wide population. Fairfield city is the most populated city in Australia in terms of having different ethnic backgrounds in the one region. From when the first survey was conducted in this area until the most recent survey, a multicultural diversity has always been a major part of the growth towards Fairfield City, Multiculturalism has always played a major role in the development of the city. This is also shown in Australias immigration drive that has allowed 60% of the Australian society with migrant backgrounds. The sources that I have provided all restate the same diversity in the Fairfield city population demographic.

Early Literacy Instruction Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Early Literacy Instruction - Research Paper Example The kind of teaching that is done and the time that teaching is done also affects the rate and quality of learning or literacy acquisition that will take place. Reading acquisition is one of the most important literacy components that take place in people. As far reading instructions are concerned, it has been argued that the acquisition process becomes more effective and efficient when it is done at the very early stages of a child’s learning career. It has also been said that the type of learning intervention that is used by trainees or teachers in teaching reading instructions is also very instrumental in determining the success rate of the learning process. Because these assertions are generalized, the present research paper is dedicated to critically analyzing; by comparing and combing existing works of research to draw valid conclusions on the acquisition of early reading instructions with focus on phonemic awareness. The meta-analysis shall be done using eight existing recent research based studies. The contents of these research works shall be put together in four major themes as discussed below. The use of Scaffolding as a teaching Intervention Two of the research based literatures were thematically captioned to touch on the use of scaffolding as an intervention to teach phonetic awareness. These were research works from Lea et al (2009) and Shayne et al (2010). Whereas Lea et al (2009) sees scaffolding as a teacher-based approach to teaching phonetic awareness, Shayne et al (2010) sees scaffolding as a student based approach. Both researchers however agree that scaffolding is used in such a way that the teaching of phonetic awareness is taken from the student’s perspective whereby the teacher undertakes the teaching process from a point where student lacks the acquisition of a particular phonetic skill. The actual scaffolding takes place in the form of provision of series of guidance to students in developing the phonetic awareness of a particular sound (Lea, 2009). The intervention is thus called scaffolding because the teacher unfolds the learning process through a series of steps or processes (Shayne, 2010). In the various researches, it was found that one of the commonest ways in which kindergarten children learned phonetics was to isolate the sounds in a word, especially the first sound. It was therefore necessary that teachers taught phonemic awareness through the teaching of individual sounds of letters rather than combining them at a very early stage of language acquisition. Effect of phonetic awareness on English reading in non-English children Two other researchers found in their research works that the basis of English reading acquisition was phonetic awareness (Yeung et al, 2012 and Ryder et al, 2007). This means that for children to effectively acquire English reading skills, they needed to have a very good basis in phonemic awareness. According to Yeung et al (2012), phonemic awareness is the single m ost effective way to attempt to pronounce or spell any new English word. Consequently, Ryder et al (2010) hold the opinion that for effective reading to take place among new readers, it is important that the learner gets an idea about as many phonetic sounds of letters as possible. This way, the pronunciation of new words will be attempted by the sounds and pronunciation of already known letters. Consequently, the researchers lay emphasis on learning from the known to the unknown using phonemic awareness. Indeed, the researcher were quick to criticize other

Success of small farm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Success of small farm - Essay Example The paper will also suggest regarding the significance of the concept of economies of scale. To begin, as much as organic farming has gained a promising market niche over the years, there are numerous challenges facing the small and medium growers. While this has been valid for a few producers, many small farmers have likewise experienced significant difficulties regarding marketing and selling their products. While rivalry from bigger producers is obviously an essential component, past examination led by the California Institute for Rural Studies has documented a scope of extra marketing difficulties confronting little and moderate sized organic cultivators. This examination tried to acquire in depth data about these difficulties through meetings and surveys with producers, purchasers and specialists acquainted with the organic sector. Secondly, in microeconomics, economies of scale are the expense points of interest that firms earn because of size of operation and yield, with expense every unit of yield for the most part decreasing with the growing scale as fixed costs are spread out over more units of yield. Many people support local food and it is creating a vibrant new economic laboratory for the organic farmers in America. Probably, the results are enormous in terms of the increasing demand for small-scale organic farming by focusing on dollars as a reworking of old models regarding how farmers get financed and their produce marketed. Finally, issues particularly influencing organic farmers incorporated the development of the organic farming sector, authorization and rivalry with different other large farmers selling the same produce. Successful small-scale organic farmers are using a system of quality-based advertising to address these difficulties. They are laying much emphasis on the qualities that make their farms extraordinary and are competing on these qualities, as opposed to low

Personal financial planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personal financial planning - Essay Example However where this healthcare system differs is that the insurance would not be run for profit and healthcare is provided to all people. Beveridge: This system of healthcare owes its namesake to William Beveridge who helped spearhead reforms in Great Britain’s National Health Service. Ultimately funding was to be drawn from taxpayers so the healthcare system becomes a government run institution (Like the fire departments, police forces, schools etc.) Many doctors and hospitals would be run and paid for by the government, and there would be private doctors & specialists who would receive payments from the government. Some hospitals (Such as veterans hospitals) may be run like this in the U.S. but overall this does not closely resemble the overall American system. Medicare: This loosely resembles the Canadian model which is sort of a hybrid of both the Bismarck and Beveridge systems. There exists both a private sector provider (Bismarck) but funding also comes from the governmen t which draws its funding from the tax base (Beveridge). So in essence there is no real incentive to deny claims insofar as there is no incentive to generate a profit.

Murderball Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Murderball - Movie Review Example They can live independently and enjoy all the normal activities, like driving, cooking and having sex. The movie takes you on an emotional ride that stirs some deep sentiments but manages to shatter many misconceptions we have about disabled. The story is not about people confided to wheelchairs but people who never thought their lives would come to this, of people who were fiercely competitive, people who believed in smashing, crashing, hitting and just feeling the extreme adrenalin rush on a daily basis. When these people had to come to terms with reality, one can imagine what a bleak reality that must have been. But then they discovered quad Rugby and their lives changed for the better. The story revolves around Joe Soares, Zupan and Keith. Keith was a Rugby player who had just had a serious accident that smashed his motorbike and left him a quadriplegic. Soares was a former member of Team USA and captain of Team Canada. These teams participate in quad Rugby championships. Zupan was not a quad from birth. He was sleeping in his friend's truck when a sharp turning threw him off the truck and close to a ditch. The ordeal that lasted 13 hours left him a quad but Zupan turned his life around when he became the best quad Rugby player ever. He is also the spokesman for the game in the US. Murd

Overview of Disease Diagnoses Processes

Overview of Disease Diagnoses Processes Alejandra Medinilla TASK 1 The aim of this work is to cover the whole process of disease diagnoses. In medicine, exist different ways to classify diseases as well as different test and procedures to diagnose them. The world health organization (WHO) plays a very important role here; since they created normalized classifications of diseases and disabilities, with specific codes to describe each of them with the purpose of simplify and standardize the process of diagnose 1.2. We are going to review the two most important models of health, used in medicine to explain illness. They help to predict and identify risks and consequences, make decisions and reduce the possibility of occurrence of an illness. Diseases can be classified in different ways, depending on the criteria taken into account; duration, distribution, pathology and aetiology are some examples. They are important in the compilation of statistics on causes of illness (morbidity) and causes of death (mortality). The most used classifications divided illnesses depending on the organs affected, nature and causes of the disease, risk of contagious and communicable and the occurrence and frequency of it. According to the British encyclopedia these classifications are: 1) topographic, (2) anatomic (3) physiological, (4) pathological (5) etiologic (6) juristic, (7) epidemiological and (8) statistical. (Stanley L. Robbins, Jonathan H. Robbins, Dante G. Scarpelli. 2013. Classifications of diseases [online]. Available at: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/275628/human-disease/63272/Classifications-of-diseases) The WHO has a very important role in classifying disease. They develop the WHO Family of International Classifications (WHO-FIC), with the ICD and ICF as core classifications. They are call the Normalized Classifications and are based on professional and scientific criteria. The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is a classification that uses different codes to differentiate symptoms, signs and illnesses. This classification allowed a global standardization making easier the diagnostic process. Each illness is classifying trough a code of 5 characters. The last version is the 10th, ICD-10, created in 1992. The 11th revision is running until 2015. The other classification created by the WHO is the ICF, which complements the ICD. This classification has two parts. One refers to functionality and disability and the other to conceptual factors. Both classify of the different states of illness/health within a standardize framework, with specific codes. On the other hand, more generally speaking, in 1997 was created the â€Å"triangle of health†. It classifies health, into social, mental or physical making emphasis on the importance of the three states together. We can define as Physical Health, to the body health; it refers to optimal weigh, vision, a healthy skin, and bones, tissues and organs, a good dental condition and a good neuro-muscular coordination. A person with physical health must able to do all his routine workwithout any difficulty. To evaluate the physical health of a person we can focus in different areas like life style (drug abuse, alcohol and tabaco habits, regular exercise, medical checkups), human biology (genetic and body chemistry), environment (the air we breathe and where we live) and medical services ( to prevent, detect and treat diseases). Mental Health – refers to the state of mind. It is the capability that a person has to manage stress and tension of daily life and keep a good attitude. Personal relationships with family and friends are a key aspect when trying to evaluate a person’s mental health. Mental health is essential requirement to make judgments, to possess discretion and to face and overcome the problems. The World Health Organization describes Mental Health as the â€Å"state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community. (WHO. December 2013. Mental health: a state of well-being [online]. Available at: http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/mental_health/en/) And last, Social Health – which is the ability to function in society. It is in the ability to build positive and constructive relationships with peers. The social network of a person is a crucial indicator. Having no friends could lead to depression being more prone to manifest physical problems. In contrast, a person with strong relationships will feel more supported and accompanied. As a resume, a person could have a very good physical health, making exercises every day, eating healthy food and doing regular checkups with the doctor, but, if the person moves away from friends and social events to maintain this condition, this means luck of social health and could lead him to mental health problems in the future. In the process of diagnoses and establishing health and disease it is important to have knowledge and understanding of the Health research methods. Health research has been defined as â€Å"the process for obtaining systematic knowledge and technology which can be used for the improvement of the health of individual groups.† (Davies 1991, cited in A. Bowling 2002, p.3) Health research methods are used to obtain the necessary information to develop new tools and procedures that help to protect people from diseases or recover from them. Classifications of research methods are based on different criteria. Dankhe classification (1989) proposed 4 types of research studies: exploratory, descriptive, correlational and explanatory. In general depending on the role of the researcher we can have observational or experimental methods; according to the time when the data is collected or measured, prospective or retrospective; according to the number of occasions on which the variable is measured in the study, transversal or longitudinal and according to the number of variables under study, descriptive or analytic. Experimental studies are prospective studies; they evaluate the effect of one or more interventions. Frequently used in the assessment of therapeutic drugs and therapeutic interventions, being really careful with the ethic limits. They can be applied to the investigation of preventive measures of the disease, seeking to reduce individual risk. An example is the study that evaluates the effectiveness of a vaccine. On the other hand observational studies are those in which the patient is not assigned to an specific treatment or intervention, the evaluation is carried out according to a standard clinical practice, being therefore the researcher an observer of what is happening or has happened. Research involves a combination between the different types of research. Research methods are used in conjunction. As the WHO suggest â€Å"another way of classifying health research†¦ is to describe it under three operational interlinked categories of biomedical, health services and behavioral research, the so-called health research triangle† (WHO. 2001. Health research methodology. Chapter 1, p. 3) Multi-dimensional approaches are available for evaluating outcomes research. In evaluating research outcomes it is important to measure effectiveness, acceptability and humanity, equity and accessibility and efficiency. The evaluation of the data is made using the scientific method, and the collection of research data. Evaluation can be divided into two types: formative and summative. Formative evaluation is carried out during the investigation process. It aims to improve the methodology concentrating on the strengths and weaknesses. On the other hand, Summative evaluation takes place at the end of the process. It determines achievement and other outcomes, to evaluate the continuity or not of the process or program. There are different ways to disseminate the results of a research. As a general rule it is better to plan at the beginning of the research which is going to be the dissemination strategies. It should be consider the goals and objectives of the dissemination, as well as the impact, the Audience, the Medium to best reach each the audience and the execution process. Ones we have the results of an investigation we need to concentrate in how they are going to be disclosed. The options are diverse, depending on the public we want to focus on. The most common and generally used is the publication of texts, could as scientific papers, in specialize magazines, newspapers or posters, leaflets and advertising for a more general public. In the field of health exist different Principles of Health modeling. Models are a simplification of reality. They help to predict, identify risks and consequences, make decisions and reduce the burden of illness. We can mention 2 important models, the Biomedical and the Biopsychosocial models. Both are theories that explain illness from different perspectives. The biomedical model assumes that disease is a deviation from normal biological functioning and biological mechanisms are sufficient to explain disease, excluding psychological and social processes. It is a reductionist and single-factor model; it reduces illness to low-level processes, such as disordered cells and chemical imbalances, and explains illness in terms of a biological malfunction. We can say that the Body was treated as a machine; Physical disease is measured by the absence of health. It is the one used to develop the classification of diseases. On the other hand, the Holistic or biopsychosocial model includes biological, psychological, and social factors as important determinants of health and illness. It maintains that health and illness are caused by multiple factors and produce multiple effects. So it is a multicausal model. Mind and body cannot be distinguished in matters of health and illness because both influence the state of health. The perception of wellbeing is influence by different factors. There are psychological and social factors that influence the development of illness, and these are ignored by the biomedical model since it take into account just the physical aspects of the problem. TASK 2 It is important to mention the difference between Diseases and Illnesses. A disease is a pathological condition of the body in response to disruption of homeostasis. It is a result of pathogens, trauma, physical and chemical agents, genetics (inheritance), metabolic or nutritional disorders, while an Illness is the condition of a person experiencing disease. In order to establish people’s health we need to follow different procedures and make various tests to be able to give diagnoses. Before we can proceed with a specific test or group of tests we need to look the Signs and symptoms the patient presents. Signs can be define as any indication of a medical condition that can be objectively observed and normally they have no meaning to the patient or they not even notice them. Signs can be detected during a physical examination. Elevated blood pressure is an example. 2.2 Symptoms on the other hand are recognized, experienced and referred by the patients. The patient feels something anomalous in his body. Examples of symptoms can be, feeling tired, low mood and energy, anxiety, nausea, dizziness, and drowsiness. Symptoms become key elements when any health professional want to make a diagnosis to a patient and give him treatment. As examples to clarify we can mention three examples. In the case of a headache, the patient is the only one capable to notice it so, it is a symptom; if we talk about blood pressure, this could only be a signs, since it needs to be measured by a doctor in a laboratory; and the one that could be both, a sign and a symptom is a rush. Ones we have observe and checked the signs and symptoms we are able to proceed with the correspondent diagnostic process. The diagnostic process includes all types of measurements and tests that are used to evaluate a patients condition, such as physiological measurements, laboratory tests and pathology tests, imaging tests and endoscopies. 2.1 Each form of diagnosis involves specific procedures and tests that we can summarize as: Laboratory tests: blood test, urine, and/or other body fluids. They are used to evaluate what is going on in the body and also in specific cases like cancer treatment, to evaluate the side effects like anaemia and neutropenia (low white blood cell count), which can increase the risk of infection. 2.1 Endoscopic tests: is a procedure performed with an endoscope (a flexible and very thin tube with a camera) to examine the inside of the body. The endoscope model varies depending on the part of the body that is going to be examined. Biopsy: is the removal of tissue, a very small amount to be examined under a microscope. There are different types of biopsies: Fine needle aspiration biopsy, Core needle biopsy, Vacuum-assisted biopsy, Image-guided biopsy and surgical biopsy. 2.1 Imaging tests: X-ray, bone scan, CT or CAT scan, Positron emission tomography (PET) scan, MRI and Ultrasound. 2.1 In practice, Multiple Tests are used. Choices depend on cost, invasiveness, volume of test, presence and capability of lab infrastructure, urgency, etc. As an example, to diagnose cancer the most common types of tests used are biopsy, imaging tests, endoscopic tests and laboratory tests. It is important to know that a disease could be developed in a normal or an abnormal way. That is the field of etiology, which in medicine refers to the factors coming together to cause a disease. As mention previously, a disease can have a normal or an abnormal aetiology. To clarify this concept we can observe the development of Diabetes. In general it could be describe as a chronic disease that occurs when the body loses the ability to produce enough insulin or use it effectively. We can divide this disease in 2 main groups. The first one includes the types of diabetes with normal aetiology and the second one with abnormal aetiology. In the 1st group (normal aetiology), the common forms of diabetes are Type 1 diabetes (T1D, known as insulin-dependent diabetes or IDDM) and Type 2 diabetes. In Type 1, the pancreatic cells produce little or no insulin. Its causes are not precisely known but are believed to be an autoimmune reaction. It can occur at any age, but usually occurs before the age of 30. Type 2 diabetes (T2D), known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) usually develops slowly over time. Most people with this disease are overweight at the time of diagnosis. The increment of body fat makes it difficult for the body to use insulin the right way. It can also occur in thin people and are more common in the elderly. It is the most common form of diabetes. 2.3 The 2nd group involves the types of diabetes with abnormal aetiology. In general these types present a gene mutation and some grade of inheritance. We can mention MODY (Maturity onset diabetes of the young) and GDM (Gestational diabetes). (MODY) is a rare form of diabetes that runs strongly in families. It is caused by an inherited genetic defect, an autosomal inheritance (3 generations of the same family affected) of the insulin-producing cells. After the Type 1 diabetes it is the most frequency type within infants. GDM is first developed during pregnancy, usually appears in mid-pregnancy. The body cannot produce or use enough insulin. It is of very high risk for the pregnancy, so it needs to be controlled. Gestational diabetes can be controlled with a healthy diet and regular exercise, but sometimes the mother will also need insulin. Normally it disappears after delivery, but the mother has more risks of developing diabetes type 2 in the future. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bowling, Ann. Research methods in health: investigating health and health services– 2nd ed. Open University Press, Buckingham †¢ Philadelphia. David Blane, Mel Bartley, George Davey Smith ; Disease aetiology and materialist explanations of socioeconomic mortality differentials; Inequities in health European Journal of Public Health. 1997; 7: 3S5-391 D. A. Collier and J. L. Treasure, The aetiology of eating disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry (2004), 185, 363-365 Donald M. Steinwachs, Ronda G. Hughes, Chapter 8. Health Services Research: Scope and Significance. Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses: Vol. 1 Institute of Alcohol Studies (2007) Alcohol and Mental Health. L Rychetnik, M Frommer, P Hawe, A Shiell, Criteria for evaluating evidence on public health interventions. J Epidemiol Community Health 2002; 56:119–127 Ross and Wilson (2006), Anatomy and Physiology in health and illness, 10th edition Elsevier. R Bonita, R Beaglehole, T Kjellstrà ¶m, Basic epidemiology, WHO, 2nd edition. Saffrey and Stewart (eds) (2001) Maintaining The Whole: Human Biology and Health Book 3, The Open University, Chapter 7. The World health organization (2001) Mental health : new understanding, new hope. Tortora (2003) Introduction to the Human Body: The essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 4th Edition, Wiley Sons. Hawkes, C. (2002) Globalization, Diets and Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization. WHO, Health Research Methodology: A guide for training in research methods. Second Edition. WHO, Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, 2001. World Health Organization, 2001. ICF International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. WHO, Geneve. WHO (1993) The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. Diagnostic Criteria for research. WHO, Geneva. World Health Organization (2002) Globalization, Diets and Noncommunicable Diseases.